The expansion of three-dimensional property law is a concept further explored in Franck Billé, ed., Voluminous States: Sovereignty, Materiality, and the Territorial Imagination (Durham: Duke University Press, 2020).
Claims made by Julio Friedman at the launch of ORCA, the largest Direct Air Capture (DAC) plant in the world to date owned by Climeworks. Dr. Friedmann is a Senior Research Scholar at the Center for Global Clean Energy Policy at Columbia University, and one of the most widely known and authoritative experts in the U.S. on carbon removal, CO2 conversion, and use. He was the Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for the Office of Fossil Energy, at the U.S. Department of Energy and has worked with the U.S. State Department, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Treasury. In Climeworks - ORCA’s Launch Event Iceland (2021). See ➝.
United States and National Energy Technology Laboratory (U.S.), eds., Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada (5th Ed), 5th ed (National Energy Technology Laboratory, 2015). Large-scale field sequestration projects currently in operation are Bell Creek Field Project in south-eastern Montana, Citronelle Project in Alabama, Cranfield Project in Mississippi, Farnsworth Unit Project in northern Texas, Illinois Basin - Decatur Project, Kevin Dome Project in north-central Montana and the Michigan Basin Project. Note that this list includes sequestration sites only and does not encompass commercial capture facilities where the carbon dioxide is extracted. For a comprehensive list of those consult appendix 6.2 in The Global Status of CCS: 2022 (Australia: Global CCS Institute, 2022).
“U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis,” accessed 13 February 2023. See ➝.
“Oil and Gas Facts & Figures 2021” (Petroleum Association of Wyoming, 2021). See ➝.
yet requires more than double the standard operating pressure for existing natural gas pipelines. According to a recent report by de U.S. Department of Energy, “the CO2 stream exiting the pipeline at each storage site (based on CO2 critical pressure: 1,057 psig or 7.39 MPa) is assumed 1,200 psig (8.4 MPa)” which is much higher than the standard operating parameters for existing natural gas pipelines (800-1,160 psi.) in “Carbon Capture, Transport, & Storage Supply Chain Deep Dive Assessment” (U.S. Department of Energy, 24 February 2022). See ➝.
According to the Petroleum Association of Wyoming, there are already more than 30,000 miles of oil and gas pipelines in Wyoming, not including inactive or abandoned lines. “Oil and Gas Facts & Figures 2021.”
Claims made by Julio Friedman at Climeworks - ORCA’s Launch Event Iceland (2021). See ➝.
Hall Sawyer et al., “Mule Deer and Energy Development—Long-Term Trends of Habituation and Abundance,” Global Change Biology 23, no. 11 (2017): 4521–29. See ➝.
Brian Maffly, “Putting the Squeeze on Pronghorn,” National Wildlife Federation, April 2004. See ➝.
Angus M. Thuermer Jr, “New Sage Grouse Data “Alarming,” State Biologist Says,” WyoFile, 7 January 2022. See ➝.
The coal beds originated when large amounts of organic material accumulated on the land as it rose from an ancient sea that covered the area for several million years. “U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.”
Term used by Shannon Anderson in our conversation to refer to the series of mines located in the road that connects Casper, Midwest and Gillette.
POWER, “Dry Fork: A Model of Modern U.S. Coal Power”, POWER Magazine (blog), 1 August 2018. See ➝. Funded by $15 million from the state, $5 million from Tri-State Generation and Transmission Association, and $1 million from the National Rural Electric Cooperatives Association.
POWER, “Dry Fork: A Model of Modern U.S. Coal Power”, POWER Magazine (blog), 1 August 2018. See ➝.
Quote from conversation with the ITC site manager.
J. Fred McLaughlin, Scott Quillinan, and Kipp Coddington, “Wyoming CarbonSAFE: Accelerating CCUS Commercialization and Deployment at Dry Fork Power Station and the Wyoming Integrated Test Center” (Carbon Capture Front End Engineering Design Studies and CarbonSAFE 2020 Integrated Review Webinar, Online, 18 August 2020). See ➝.
Kris Koski et al., “Study on States” Policies and Regulations per CO2-EOR Storage Conventional, ROZ and EOR in Shale: Permitting, Infrastructure, Incentives, Royalty Owners, Eminent Domain, Mineral-Pore Space, and Storage Lease Issues”, Text (United States Energy Association; Wyoming University; West Virginia University, 2 December 2020). See ➝.
Edward T. Elliott et al., “Habitable Pore Space and Microbial Trophic Interactions”, Oikos 35, no. 3 (1980): 327–35. See ➝.
Senate of the State of Wyoming, “Wyoming Statutory Provisions on Pore Space,” 30-5-104 § (n.d.).
“Pore Space as a Property Right: What Is It, Who Owns It and What Is It Worth? – Wyoming Livestock Roundup”, accessed 3 March 2022. See ➝.
The world”s first CO2 pipeline explosion, for instance, took place in February 2020 in the town of Satartia, Mississippi, where the collapse of one of Denbury”s lines led to highly elevated CO2 concentrations that left many residents convulsing, confused, or unconscious. Justine Calma, “Go Read the Harrowing Story of the World”s First CO2 Pipeline Explosion - The Verge,” The Verge, 26 August 2021. See ➝.
“Ansari X Prize, SpaceX,” Philanthropy Roundtable (blog), accessed 19 March 2023. See ➝. Space X formed amidst the excitement over the Ansari X Prize, a space competition in which the X Prize Foundation offered a US$10,000,000 prize for the first non-government organization to launch a reusable crewed spacecraft into space twice within two weeks. It was created in May 1996 and initially called just the "X Prize," it was renamed the "Ansari X Prize" on May 6, 2004 following a multimillion-dollar donation from entrepreneurs Anousheh Ansari and Amir Ansari.
US Department of Energy, "Fact Sheet: The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act - Opportunities to Accelerate Deployment in FECM Activities" (Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Managment, September 2022), ➝. Among this monumental investment, future plans include $1.2 billion to help build the nation’s first two commercial-scale plants to use Direct Air Capture (DAC) to vacuum carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere. Coral Davenport, "U.S. to Fund a $1.2 Billion Effort to Vacuum Greenhouse Gases From the Sky," New York Times, August 11, 2023, ➝.
Among other benefits, the Act increases the amount of the tax credit from $50 to $80 per metric ton, eases the requirements for qualifying for the credit, and provides developers with more options for monetizing the credit.
The Global Status of CCS: 2021 (Australia: Global CCS Institute, 2021).
“The Inflation Reduction Act Is a Carbon Capture Bonanza,” Time, 11 August 2022. See ➝.
Drawing from the ideas presented by Stuart Elden and Ryan Bishop, where the underground is regarded as the “last frontier” for military control, now taken over by corporate exploitation. Stuart Elden, “Secure the Volume: Vertical Geopolitics and the Depth of Power,” Political Geography 34 (1 May 2013): 35–51. See ➝. Ryan Bishop, “Project Transparent Earth and the Autoscopy of Aerial Targeting: The Visual Geopolitics of the Underground,” in From Above: War, Violence, and Verticality, ed. Peter Adey, Mark Whitehead, and Alison Williams (Oxford University Press, 2014). See ➝.
Senate of the State of Wyoming, “Wyoming Statutory Act Relating to Ownership of Carbon Dioxide Injected into Geologic Sequestration Sites,” SF0047 § (n.d.).
Bell Creek Story: CO2 in Action, 2018. See ➝.
“Bell Creek Project Fact Sheet: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project” (Carbon Capture and Sequestration Technologies (CC&ST) Program at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)), accessed 6 February 2023. See ➝.
The Global Status of CCS: 2022.
Bell Creek Story.
The operation is expected to retrieve an additional 40 to 50 million barrels on top of the 113 million previously extracted mostly by injecting water. “Bell Creek Project Fact Sheet: Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Project.”
“Bell Creek CO2 Development Update” (Denbury Resources, 12 July 2012). See ➝.
Karl Puckett, “Texas Company Plans 110-Mile CO2 Pipeline to Enhance Montana Oil Recovery”, Great Falls Tribune, accessed 6 February 2023. See ➝.
Camille Erickson, “Interior Approves Major Pipeline Initiative in Wyoming to Help Advance Carbon Capture, EOR”, Casper Star-Tribune Online, accessed 18 April 2022. See ➝.
Wyoming Energy Authority, “Wyoming Pipeline Corridor Initiative”, accessed 17 April 2022. See ➝.
Figure G-14. Existing Infrastructure and Oil Fields that are Potential Candidates for CO2-EOR in “Volume II: Fin al Resource Management Plan Amendments/Environmental Impact Statement Wyoming Pipeline Corridor Initiative Appendices” (Cheyenne, Wyoming: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, October 2020). See ➝.
“Protest of the Final Environmental Impact Statement and Resource Plan Amendments for the Wyoming Pipeline Corridor Initiative (BLM-WY-0000-2020-0001-RMP-EIS),” 23 November 2020.
IPCC, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group III, Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, 2005).
Cooper McKim, “Wyoming School Shuttered by Gas Leak Ready to Reopen,” Inside Energy, 26 May 2017. See ➝.
Holly Jean Buck wonders what CCS could be if it was deployed not in service of the industry but for us. Holly Jean Buck, After Geoengineering: Climate Tragedy, Repair, and Restoration (London: Verso, 2019).
Deleuze and Guattari cited in Jussi Parikka, A Geology of Media, Electronic Mediations, volume 46 (Minneapolis ; London: University of Minnesota Press, 2015), 21.
Timothy Mitchell, Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil, 2011.