Astrid Kander, Paolo Malanima, and Paul Warde, Power to the People: Energy in Europe over the Last Five Centuries (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2013), 5.
In Finland, the average lifespan of ventilation systems and radiators is estimated at 15 to 25 years. Janne Laksola, "Tiedätkö missä kunnossa taloyhtiösi ilmanvaihto on?," Kiinteistöliitto Uusimaa (blog), May 22, 2023, ➝.
"Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic And Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: An EU Strategy on Heating and Cooling" (2016), ➝.
"EU Parliament Backs Law Aimed at Saving Energy by Renovating Buildings," Reuters, March 14, 2023, ➝.
Juha Vinha, "The impact of tightening energy efficiency regulations for buildings: Theory and Practice," presented to the Finnish Parliament, February 11, 2016.
O. Guerra Santin, "Occupant Behaviour in Energy Efficient Dwellings: Evidence of a Rebound Effect," Journal of Housing and the Built Environment 28, no. 2 (June 2013): 311–27.
See Barnabas Calder’s Architecture: From Prehistory to Climate Emergency (London: Pelican, 2022); and Daniel Barber’s “Heating the Bauhaus: Understanding the History of Architecture in the Context of Energy Policy and Energy Transition” (Kleinman Center For Energy Policy, 2019).
Jan Kunnas and Timo Myllyntaus, "Postponed Leap in Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Impact of Energy Efficiency, Fuel Choices and Industrial Structure on the Finnish Energy Economy, 1800-2005," Global Environment 2, no. 3 (January 1, 2009): 177.
In the heating season, one fuelling a day was generally adequate for thermally performing rooms.
See G. Andersson and K. Ekman, Fornnt Och Nytt (Helsinki: Tekniska förening i Finland, 1947), 88.
Strebel was a common brand of central heating boilers.
K.V. Hyvärinen, "Keskuslämmityslaitosten suhteesta uuneihin," Rakennustaito, November 21, 1925, 275.
Emil Keso, "Uuni- vai keskuslämmityskö? (Stoves or Central Heating?)," Teknillinen aikakauslehti no 4 (1925): 224, ➝.
The masonry walls were still used as passive ventilation channels, as seen in the image.
This is the case in the comparison of Rahapajankatu 1 and Runeberginkatu 35.
Emil Keso, "Keskuslåmmityslaitoksista," Teknillinen Aikakauslehti 6-7 (June/July 1913), 125, ➝.
"Rakennusmestarien oman kokoustalon hankkimispuuha," Rakennustaito 8 (April 1916), 106, ➝.
Emil Keso, "Uuni- vai vesilämmityskö?," Teknillinen Aikakausilehti, n.d., 223.
Translated to English from: Vannas, "Turun kirje," Uusi Aura 284, October 19, 1924.
Ulla Haverinen-Shaughnessy, "Meneekö sinun asunnossasi helleraja rikki talvellakin?," THL (blog), 2016, ➝; World Health Organization, "Housing and Health Guidelines" (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2018).
Despoina Teli et al., "Drivers of Winter Indoor Temperatures in Swedish Dwellings: Investigating the Tails of the Distribution," Building and Environment 202 (September 2021): 108018.
Georgia Savvidou and Björn Nykvist, "Heat Demand in the Swedish Residential Building Stock: Pathways on Demand Reduction Potential Based on Socio-Technical Analysis," Energy Policy 144 (September 2020): 111679.