Cereda D et al., “The Early Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Lombardy, Italy,” ArXiv:2003.09320 (q-bio.PE), 2020, ➝. The number of actual daily infections can be derived by backdating the reported infections by an average of 12 days (6 days of incubation plus 6 days for testing and reporting, according to Italy’s Istituto Superiore di Sanità). See: ➝.
Davide Maria De Luca, “Il disastro in Val Seriana,” Il Post, April 1, 2020, ➝; Annalisa Camilli, “Cosa è successo a Bergamo, la città italiana più colpita dal virus,” Internazionale, March 25, 2020, ➝; Veronica Di Benedetto Montaccini, “Quelle migliaia di vittime che potevamo risparmiarci con la zona rossa ad Alzano e Nembro: i dati che certificano una tragedia,” Tpi.it, April 8, 2020, ➝.
Giorgio Cosmacini, Storia della medicina e della sanità in Italia: dalla peste nera ai giorni nostri (Roma; Bari: Laterza, 2005), 36–41.
Silvia Federici, Caliban and the Witch: Women, the Body and Primitive Accumulation (New York: Autonomedia, 2004), 46, 57.
Erin Maglaque, “Inclined to Putrefaction,” London Review of Books, February 9, 2020.
Eugenia Tognotti, “Lessons from the History of Quarantine, from Plague to Influenza A,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 19, no. 2 (2013): 254–259; Umberto Pellecchia, “Quarantine and Its Malcontents: How Liberians Responded to the Ebola Epidemic Containment Measures,” Anthropology in Action 24, no. 2 (2017): 15–24.
Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors (New York: Picador, 2005), 77–85.
Luigi Mastrodonato, “Per chi ha una tossicodipendenza la vita è ancora più dura,” Internazionale, April 17, 2020, ➝. For similar reports from other parts of the world, see for example: Amanda Taub, “A New Covid-19 Crisis: Domestic Abuse Rises Worldwide,” The New York Times, April 6, 2020, ➝; Adam Nossiter, “‘Like a Prison’: Paris Suburbs Simmer Under Coronavirus Lockdown,” The New York Times, April 10, 2020, ➝.
The police suppressed these protests with brutal violence, leaving at least twelve people dead.
Davide Piacenza, “Santi, poeti e delatori: la nuova Italia ossessionata da chi esce di casa,” Wired, March 19, 2020, ➝.
“Coronavirus, Multe Ingiuste a Roma e Torino,” Corriere Della Sera, April 17, 2020, ➝.
“La grigliata proibita sui tetti di Palermo: parla uno dei protagonisti,” La Repubblica, April 13, 2020, ➝.
Soubhik Barari et al., “Evaluating COVID-19 Public Health Messaging in Italy: Self-Reported Compliance and Growing Mental Health Concerns,” Working paper, 2020; “COVID-19 Community Mobility Report for Italy” (Google, April 11, 2020), ➝.
Wolf Bukowski, “La viralità del decoro. Controllo e autocontrollo sociale ai tempi del Covid-19,” Giap, March 16, 2020, ➝. Author’s translation.
Chiara D’Ambros, “Crisanti: ‘Epidemia di coronavirus in Italia? Numeri inesatti. Male contenimento e monitoraggio di positivi,’” Globalist, March 22, 2020, ➝; Nacoti Mirco et al., “At the Epicenter of the Covid-19 Pandemic and Humanitarian Crises in Italy: Changing Perspectives on Preparation and Mitigation,” NEJM Catalyst 1, no. 2 (2020). For the effects of privatization on the healthcare system, see Vale Disamistade, “No, Italy Is Not the Case Against Medicare for All,” The Nation, April 14, 2020, ➝. The national organization of medical doctors has issued a scathing indictment of the failures of Lombardy’s governance, available at: “FROMCeO Lombardia. Nuova Lettera Indirizzata Ai Vertici Della Sanità Lombarda,” FNOMCeO, April 6, 2020, ➝.
An Pan et al., “Association of Public Health Interventions With the Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan, China,” JAMA, 2020.
“Epidemia COVID-19 - Aggiornamento nazionale,” Weekly report of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, April 24, 2020, 12, ➝.
Simona Baldanzi, “Tutti a casa. Tranne gli operai,” Jacobin Italia, March 12, 2020, ➝; Francesco Brusa, “‘Bisogna espropriare le fabbriche.’ Scioperi e nuovi decreti, ma Bergamo e Brescia non si fermano,” DINAMOpress, March 30, 2020, ➝; “Oltre il lockdown, le aziende lombarde sono già al lavoro,” il manifesto, April 13, 2020, ➝.
Incredibly, this is the actual wording of the latest emergency decree, signed by the prime minister on April 27, 2020.
“Human Rights Dimensions of COVID-19 Response,” Human Rights Watch, March 19, 2020, ➝.
Adriano Prosperi, Un Volgo Disperso: Contadini d’Italia Dell’Ottocento (Turin: Einaudi, 2019), 154–61.
In “The Quarantine Files: Thinkers in Self-Isolation,” Los Angeles Review of Books, April 14, 2020, ➝.
I have examined this topic in detail in Andrea Bagnato, “The Normalization of Bodies,” in Archivi della Basilicata 1: La Bonifica di Bradano e Metaponto (Milan: Humboldt Books, 2019), 115–123.