For a full discussion of the reorganization of the Athenian tribes, see John S. Traill, The Political Organization of Attica: A Study of the Demes, Trittyes, and Phylai, and their representation in the Athenian Council (Princeton: American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1975).
See Andronike Makres, “Dionysiac Festivals in Athens and the Financing of Comic Performances,” in The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Comedy, ed. Michael Fontaine and Adele C. Scafuro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 70–112.
See Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere, trans. Thomas Burger (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989), 4–5 and 24–26.
See Sarah P. Morris and John K. Papadopoulos, “Greek Towers and Slaves: An Archaeology of Exploitation,” American Journal of Archaeology 109, no. 2 (April 2005), 155–225.
See A. J. Graham, “Thucydides 7.13.2 and the Crews of Athenian Triremes,” Transactions of the American Philological Association 122 (1992), 257–70.
Andronike Makres, in discussion with author, August 28, 2017.
See Thucydides, The History of the Peloponnesian War, trans. Rex Warner (New York: Penguin, 1974).
See Graham, “Thucydides 7.13.2 and the Crews of Athenian Triremes.”
See Alick M. McLean, Prato: Architecture, Piety, and Political Identity in a Tuscan City-State (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008).
The term “vita comunalis” is the origin of the modern Italian term “comune” and the English “commons,” “commonwealth,” and “community.” See McLean, Prato.
The sites were anomalous: there were no monumental church structures; preachers dressed in simple clothes, often sack-cloths, and even presented themselves in bare feet; officiants did not always follow traditional liturgy, and regularly led urban processions; and when they preached, mendicant friars did so in a vernacular language. The sacred words, prayers, sermons, and songs voiced in the vulgar tongue marked the legitimization of vernacular into what was becoming the Italian language.
For this and the following see Alejandro Fajardo and Matt Andrews, “Does successful governance require heroes? The case of Sergio Fajardo and the city of Medellín: A reform case for instruction,” World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Working Paper 2014/035 (February 2014).
Fajardo and Andrews, “Does successful governance require heroes?”, 9.
For a partial listing of opportunity mapping resources, see “Southern California Equity Atlas,” Program for Environmental and Regional Equity (PERE), University of South California Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, accessed August 21, 2019, ➝.
Thanks to Francisco Sanin for his inspiration and comments, to Beth Hughes and Livia Qing Wang for their assistance, to Nick Axel and A K for copy editing, to APH colleagues Hannah Kimberly and Bryon Williams for proofreading, to Molly Martins and Jan Healy at APH for funding and support, to Andronike Makres for her work and discussions on dithyramb, to my Syracuse and APH students, my children Sophia, Gaia, Samson, and Sofie, and especially to my wife, Michele Errie-McLean, for discussions on opportunity and identity.
Collectivity is a collaboration between e-flux Architecture and the 2019 Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism within the context of the “Collective City” thematic exhibition.