The Mobile Economy 2025, infographic, GSMA, ➝.
Holly A. Ritchie, “ICTs as Frugal Innovations: Enabling New Pathways towards Refugee Self-Reliance and Resilience in Fragile Contexts?” in Handbook on Frugal Innovation, ed. André Leliveld et al. (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023), 262–77.
Maximilian Bruder and Thomas Baar, “Innovation in Humanitarian Assistance—a Systematic Literature Review,” Journal of International Humanitarian Action 9, no. 2 (January 2024).
Peter Redfield, “Fluid Technologies: The Bush Pump, the LifeStraw ® and Microworlds of Humanitarian Design,” Social Studies of Science 46, no. 2 (April 2016): 159–83; Peter Redfield, “Shacktopia: The Meantime Future of Humanitarian Design,” Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale 30, no. 2 (June 2022): 16–33.
C. K. Prahalad, The Fortune at the Bottom of the Pyramid: Eradicating Poverty Through Profits (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Wharton School Publishing, 2005). For criticism, see: Tom Scott-Smith, “Humanitarian Neophilia: The ‘Innovation Turn’ and Its Implications,” Third World Quarterly 37, no. 12 (December 2016): 2229–51.
Jamie Cross and Alice Street, “To Fail at Scale!: Minimalism and Maximalism in Humanitarian Entrepreneurship,” Social Anthropology/Anthropologie Sociale 30, no. 2 (June 2022): 101–19; A. Kolk, M. Rivera-Santos, and C. Rufin, “Reviewing a Decade of Research on the ‘Base/Bottom of the Pyramid’ (BOP) Concept,” Business & Society 53, no. 3 (May 2014): 338–77.
Mirca Madianou, “Technocolonialism: Digital Innovation and Data Practices in the Humanitarian Response to Refugee Crises,” Social Media + Society 5, no. 3 (July 2019).
Katja Lindskov Jacobsen, The Politics of Humanitarian Technology: Good Intentions, Unintended Consequences and Insecurity, 1st ed. (London: Routledge, 2015); Stephen A. Matlin et al., "Digital Solutions for Migrant and Refugee Health: A Framework for Analysis and Action,” The Lancet Regional Health - Europe 50 (March 2025): 101190.
Jennifer Wilde and Dan McClure, “Humanitarian Innovation: The Next Step for Greater Impact,” The Humanitarian Leader, July 2021, ➝.
Sacha Robehmed, “Designing User‐Centered Humanitarian Technologies with Displaced People in Iraq,” International Migration 57, no. 2 (April 2019): 109–20.
Mirca Madianou, “Technocolonialism.”
Based on conversations with IOM in Colombia November 2024 and access to dashboards analyzing usage data from GIFMM Contigo.
Shyam J. Kamath et al., “Social Enterprise Models: Creating the Fortune at the Base of the Pyramid,” International Journal of Social Entrepreneurship and Innovation 2, no. 3 (2013): 269; Muhammad Yunus et al., “Building Social Business Models: Lessons from the Grameen Experience,” Long Range Planning 43, nos. 2–3 (April 2010): 308–25.
Nicolas M. Dahan et al., “Corporate-NGO Collaboration: Co-Creating New Business Models for Developing Markets,” Long Range Planning 43, nos. 2–3 (April 2010): 326–42.
Dahan et al., “Corporate-NGO Collaboration.”
David Curry, “App Subscription Data (2025),” Business of Apps, July 23, 2025, ➝.
