La Jetée, directed by Chris Marker (Paris: Argos Films, 1962).
Dominique Maria Bonessi, host, Intercross podcast, “Humanitarian Dispatch from the Congo: Violence Grips Goma,” ICRC, February 20, 2025, ➝.
ICRC officials in Goma, interviews with the author, December 2024.
“Swiss Find Only $3.4 Million in Bank Accounts for Mobutu,” The New York Times, June 4, 1997.
Paula Dupraz-Dobias, “Geneva’s Early Double Standards on Colonialism,” Swissinfo, May 23, 2024.
Hito Steyerl, “How to Kill People: A Problem of Design,” e-flux Architecture, December 2016, 2024, ➝.
This term is part of the self-branding of the canton of Geneva, which actively presents itself as a force for global humanitarian good. See “Discovering International Geneva,” The Swiss Mission, ➝.
Barnett describes the modern humanitarian imaginary in these terms. See Michael Barnett, “Humanitarianism Transformed,” Perspectives on Politics 3, no. 4 (2025): 733.
Anne-Marie Slaughter et al., Design and Violence, ed. Paola Antonelli et al. (New York: The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 2015).
Tristan Garcia, “Another Order of Time: Towards a Variable Intensity of the NOW,” Parrhesia 19 (2014): 10.
Steyerl, “How to Kill People.”
Armed Conflict and Mass Displacement in Colombia | Situation Report #1, January 22, 2025 - Colombia, ReliefWeb, January 23, 2025, ➝.
La Rotativa Tierra Grata, ➝.
Donna J. Haraway, Staying with the trouble: Making kin in the Chthulucene (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2016).
La Jetée, directed by Chris Marker.
Fieldnotes from research conducted in Kinshasa in 2025.
Sony Labou Tansi, Life and a Half (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 9.
Trauma, depression, psychosis, or any other elements are tactically framed by mental health professionals as having universal etiologies across the world, despite the historical plurality of experience, in order to make standardized treatment possible. China Mills, “Strategic Universality in the Making of Global Guidelines for Mental Health,” Transcultural Psychiatry 60, no. 3 (2023): 591–601.
Fieldnotes from research conducted in Kinshasa in 2025.
Frederick W. Hickling, Owning Our Madness: Facing Reality in Post-colonial Jamaica (Mona: University of the West Indies, CARIMENSA Press, 2016).
Simon De Nys-Ketels, “A Hospital Typology Translated: Transnational Flows of Architectural Expertise in the Clinique Reine Elisabeth of Coquilhatville, in the Belgian Congo,” ABE Journal. Architecture beyond Europe, no. 19 (2021).
Édouard Glissant, Treatise on the Whole-World (Liverpool University Press, 2020), 16.
Hickling, Owning Our Madness, 205. Italics mine.
La Jetée, directed by Chris Marker.
