John Kindervag, No More Chewy Centers: Introducing the Zero Trust Model of Information Security (Cambridge, MA: Forrester Research, September 14, 2010; updated September 17, 2010), 9.
Paul N. Edwards, A Vast Machine: Computer Models, Climate Data, and the Politics of Global Warming (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).
Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1921), 20.
Nicole Starosielski, The Undersea Network (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015); Lisa Parks and Nicole Starosielski, eds., Signal Traffic: Critical Studies of Media Infrastructures (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2015).
The AWS outage on October 20, 2025, caused by a DNS failure in the US-EAST-1 data center cluster in Northern Virginia, disrupted services such as Snapchat, Delta, Venmo, and Fortnite for an extended period of approximately two to six hours.
Data center manager, discussion with author, May 25, 2022.
Leonard Schliesser, Blackout: Challenges and Preparedness, CSS Analyse No. 353 (Zurich: Center for Security Studies, ETH Zurich, 2024), ➝; E. H. Wohlenberg, “New York Blackout Looting, 1977,” Economic Geography 58, no. 1 (1982): 29–44.
The metaphorical use of “architecture” in the digital security industry illustrates that digital trust and security are not merely technological outcomes, but components of a broader epistemological system of discourses, practices, and infrastructures that fundamentally “organize” digital society. Reinhold Martin, The Organizational Complex: Architecture, Media, and Corporate Space (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003); Timon Beyes et al., eds., The Oxford Handbook of Media, Technology, and Organization Studies (Oxford University Press, 2020).
Michel Foucault, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977–1978, ed. Michel Senellart, trans. Graham Burchell (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
Robert Jungk, Der Atom Staat: Vom Fortschritt in die Unmenschlichkeit (Munich: Kindler, 1977). Robert Jungk, The New Tyranny: How Nuclear Power Enslaves Us (New York: Warner Books, 1979).
Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Proliferation and Safeguards (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, June 1977), 17.
Office of Technology Assessment, Nuclear Proliferation and Safeguards, 18.
Willis H. Ware, Security and Privacy in Computer Systems, RAND Paper P-3544 (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, April 1967). Donald MacKenzie, “Logic Machines, and Trust,” in Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001), 257–98.
James P. Anderson, Computer Security Technology Planning Study (United States Air Force Electronic Systems Division, 1972), 128.
Rebecca Slayton and Brian Clarke, “Trusting Infrastructure: The Emergence of Computer Security Incident Response, 1989–2005,” Technology and Culture 61, no. 1 (January 2020): 173–206.
Florian Hoof, “Liveness Formats: A Historical Perspective on Live Sports Broadcasting,” in Format Matters, ed. Marek Jankovic et al. (Lüneburg: Meson Press, 2020), 81–103.
Rod Schultz, “The Many Facades of DRM,” 2012, online PDF, accessed September 30, 2025, ➝, 3.
Schultz, “Many Facades of DRM,” 3.
Kindervag, No More Chewy Centers.
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Federal Zero Trust Strategy (Washington, DC: CISA, 2022), ➝.
White House, “Executive Order on Stopping Waste, Fraud, and Abuse by Eliminating Information Silos,” March 20, 2025, ➝.
Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, Zero Trust Architecture Implementation – Fiscal Year 2024 Report to Congress (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Homeland Security, January 29, 2025).
Makena Kelly et al., “Inside Elon Musk’s ‘Digital Coup’,” Wired, March 13, 2025, ➝.
Stephen Graham and Nigel Thrift, “Out of Order: Understanding Repair and Maintenance,” Theory, Culture & Society 24, no. 3 (May 2007): 1–25.
