According to Kyle Whyte, collective continuance is “a community’s capacity to be adaptive in ways sufficient for the livelihoods of its members to flourish into the future...The flourishing of livelihoods refers to both tribal conceptions of (1) how to contest colonial hardships, like cultural discrimination and disrespect for treaty rights, and (2) how to pursue comprehensive aims at robust living, like building cohesive societies, vibrant cultures, strong subsistence and commercial economies, and peaceful relations with a range of non-tribal neighbors.” Kyle Powys Whyte, “Justice Forward: Tribes, Climate Adaptation and Responsibility,” Climatic Change 120, no. 3 (2013): 517–530, 518.
The Mohawk Nation is part of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, whose traditional territory stretches across what is now known as New York State.
Tsí Yotsihstokwáthe Dakota Brant, “Onhehste’ón:we: ‘The Original Corn,’” posting on Indigenous Food Sovereignty Network’s Facebook page, March 1, 2009. Quoted in Elizabeth Hoover, The River is in Us: Fighting Toxics in a Mohawk Community (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2017), 212.
Quoted in Christina Gish Hill, “Seeds as Ancestors, Seeds as Archives: Seed Sovereignty and the Politics of Repatriation to Native Peoples,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 41, no. 3 (2017): 93–112.
Beverly Cook presenting to Ohero:kon second years, January 2015. Author was in attendance as an auntie to one of the young women.
Hill, “Seeds as Ancestors.”
Jennifer Bess, “More Than a Food Fight: Intellectual Traditions and Cultural Continuity in Cholocco’s Indian School Journal 1902–1918,” American Indian Quarterly 37, no. 1–2 (2013): 77–110.
Ian Mosby and Tracey Galloway, “‘The abiding condition was hunger’: Assessing the long-term biological and health effects of malnutrition and hunger in Canada’s residential schools,” British Journal of Canadian Studies 30, no. 2 (2017): 147–162.
See: Meg Devlin O’Sullivan, “‘More Destruction to These Family Ties’: Native American Women, Child Welfare, and the Solution of Sovereignty,” Journal of Family History 41, no. 1 (2016): 19–38; David Wallace Adams, Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1995).
Jane Lawrence, “The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women,” American Indian Quarterly 24, no. 3 (2000): 400–419.
Ibid.
Ibid., 414–415.
O’Sullivan, “‘More Destruction to These Family Ties.’”
Ibid., 22.
Ibid., 24, quoting David Fanshel, Far from the Reservation: The Transracial Adoption of American Indian Children, a Study Conducted under the Auspices of the Child Welfare League of America, New York, New York (Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, 1972), 89–93.
O’Sullivan, “‘More Destruction to These Family Ties.’”
Loretta Ross, “What Is Reproductive Justice?” in Reproductive Justice Briefing Book: A Primer on Reproductive Justice and Social Change (SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective and Pro-Choice Public Education Project, 2007), 4, ➝.
Elizabeth Hoover, Katsi Cook, Ron Plain, Kathy Sanchez, Vi Waghiyi, Pamela Miller, Renee Dufault, Caitlin Sislin, and David O. Carpenter, “Indigenous Peoples of North America: Environmental Exposures and Reproductive Justice,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 12 (2012): 1645–1649, ➝.
Katsi Cook, “Environmental Justice: Woman Is the First Environment,” in Reproductive Justice Briefing Book: A Primer on Reproductive Justice and Social Change (SisterSong Women of Color Reproductive Justice Collective and Pro-Choice Public Education Project, 2007), 62–63, ➝.
Ibid.
Ibid.
See: Elizabeth Hoover, “‘You can’t say you’re sovereign if you can’t feed yourself’: Defining and Enacting Food Sovereignty in American Indian Community Gardening,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 41, no. 3 (2017): 31–70; Elizabeth Hoover and Sean Sherman, “‘The answers to our ancestors’ prayers’: Seeding a movement for health and culture,” 2018 Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery, St Catherine’s College, Oxford, July 6–8, 2018. Paper and presentation won the “Oxford Food Symposium Outstanding New Presenter Award.”
Author’s interview with Clayton Brascoupe, Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico, June 11, 2014.
Rowen White, “Seed Rematriation,” Sierra Seeds, March 19, 2018, ➝; Rowen White, “One Happy Homecoming,” Seed Savers, December 20, 2018, ➝. See also Rowen White and Elizabeth Hoover, “Our Living Relatives: Maintaining Resilience and Seed Diversity in Native American Communities,” The New Farmer’s Almanac, Volume IV: The Greater “We,” ed. The Greenhorns (Sonoma: McNaughton & Gunn, 2019).
White, “Seed Rematriation.”
This essay is based on chapter 2 of the author’s forthcoming book, From Garden Warriors to Good Seeds: Indigenizing the Local Food Movement (University of Minnesota Press) and Elizabeth Hoover, “Environmental Reproductive Justice: Intersections in an American Indian Community Impacted by Environmental Contamination,” Environmental Sociology 4, no. 1 (2018): 8–21.
Exhausted is a collaboration between SALT and e-flux Architecture, supported by L'internationale and the Prince Claus Fund.