See: Faisal Al-Samir, Thawrat al-Zanj (Baghdad, Maktabat al-Manār, 1971); Johan Franzén, Red Star Over Iraq: Iraqi Communism Before Saddam (Hurst, 2011), 179.
Ryan Manya, “’The Hidden story’: Life as a young Marsh Arab,” Substack, ➝.
UNEP, Early Warning and Assessment Technical Report, The Mesopotamian Marshlands: Demise of an Ecosystem (2001), ➝.
Kassem Hawal, Al-Ahwar (The Marshes): Film Scenario and Experience (Tunisia: Nathar Publishers, 2019).
As a rejection to the dictatorial Ba’ath party rule, Hawal left Iraq as they came to power and joined the Palestinian Resistance Movement in Lebanon. He was later perused to return temporarily to Iraq to film the marshes. Hawal sought political asylum in the Hague where he currently lives.
UNEP, Early Warning and Assessment Technical Report.
C. Jones, M. Sultan, E. Yan, A. Milewski, M. Hussein, A. Al-Dousari, S. Al-Kaisy, R. Becker, “Hydrologic impacts of engineering projects on the Tigris–Euphrates system and its marshlands,” Journal of Hydrology 353, no. 1–2 (2008): 59–75.
Ariel Ahram, Development, Counterinsurgency, and the Destruction of the Iraqi Marshes (International Journal of Middle East Studies, 2015).
James C. Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia (Yale University Press, 2009), 8.
In a panel discussion held at New York University on October 26, 2004, cosponsored by Carnegie Council, Environment Conservation Education Program, New York University, the Al-Khoei Foundation (UK), and the Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, New York University, Joanne Bauer quoted Max van der Stoel, Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Iraq, who briefed the UN General Assembly in response to the internal inter-agency memorandum ordering the destruction of the marshes.
Ryan Manya, “The Marsh Arabs and their Conflict with the Modern State,” Middle East Voice (November 9, 20222), ➝.
NASA Earth Observatory, “World of Change: Mesopotamia Marshes,” ➝.
Roz Price, Environmental risks in Iraq (Institute of Development Studies, 2018), ➝.
“The National Atlas of Marshes and Wetlands in Iraq,” Nature Iraq, ➝.
These studies have been fundamental for further comprehensive research endeavors in the area spanning archeology, anthropology, biology, and environmental sciences
Jassem al-Asadi, phone conversation with author, January 23, 2023.
Abu Haidar, conversation with author, December, 2022.
“Jassim Al-Asadi: ‘kidnapped’ environmental activist campaigning to preserve the marshes in Iraq,” BBC Arabic (February 5, 2023), ➝.