“2 августа 2007 года был совершен первый в мире спуск глубоководных обитаемых аппаратов в точке Северного полюса,” {On August 2, 2007, the world's first descent of deep-sea manned vehicles took place at the North Pole} Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, ➝.
David Scott, “China Coming Into the Arctic: Shaping a Flanking Strategy,” Second Line of Defense, January 10, 2016, ➝.
“Kinesisk milliardær har kjøpt 1000 mål i Troms,” {Chinese billionaire buys 1000 acres in Troms} NRK, May 16, 2014, ➝.
Finbarr Bermingham, “Angry Birds mogul aims to tunnel through Baltic anti-China sentiment,” April 3, 2021, ➝.
This was not the first time Trump announced his wish to purchase the semi-autonomous island, nor was it the first time his country (with a history of large territorial purchases) desired it, see Paul Hockenos, “Greenland’s Door Is Open for Trump,” Foreign Policy, January 27, 2025, ➝.
Alexandra Jahn, et al. “Projections of an Ice-Free Arctic Ocean,” Nature Reviews Earth & Environment 5, no. 3 (March 2024): 164–76.
USGS Energy Resources Program, “90 Billion Barrels of Oil and 1,670 Trillion Cubic Feet of Natural Gas Assessed in the Arctic," podcast, episode 55, July 22, 2008, ➝.
“Сообщение ПАО «НОВАТЭК» в отношении танкеров ледового класса Arc7,” {PJSC NOVATEK's announcement regarding Arc7 ice-class tankers} PJSC NOVATEK, October 22, 2019, ➝.
"Law of the Sea,” Britannica, ➝.
Martin Breum, “Russia gets approval for the data behind much of its Arctic Ocean seabed claim,” Arctic Today, February 17, 2023, ➝.
Anne Marie Brady, China as a Polar Great Power (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2017), 78.
Didi Kirsten Tatlow, “China's Expanding Arctic Ambitions Challenge the U.S. and NATO,” Newsweek, July 21, 2024, ➝.
Rob Huebert, “China is on a relentless mission to control Canada’s Arctic waters,” Macdonald-Laurier Institute, August 25, 2023, ➝. (Originally published in The Globe and Mail).
The Arctic Council is composed of eight Arctic states (Canada, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Russian and the USA), permanent participants representing the Indigenous people of the Arctic, and thirteen observer nations, such as France, Singapore, Poland, India and Switzerland.
In 2019, US secretary of state Marc Pompeo claimed “There are only Arctic states and non-Arctic states, not other category exists,” see Matthew Lee, “US warns China, Russia against aggression in Arctic region,” AP News, May 6, 2019, ➝.
Zexun Wei, et al., “Overview of the 9th Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition,” Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 13, no. 1 (2020): 1–7.
Ingrid Hjellbakk Kvamstø, “North Norwegian port manager welcomes controversial Chinese shipping giant to the Arctic,” NRK, August 18, 2024, ➝.
“Barents Spektakel 2019,” Barents Spektakel, ➝.
Ingeborg Eliassen and Paulo Pena, “Arctic Silk Road: China eyes Norway as first port of call in Europe,” Investigate Europe, December 18, 2019, ➝.
Anja Kristine, “To the Borderland with Poetry,” The Barents Observer, August 21, 2013, ➝.
“Bellona urges Norway’s Prime Minister to not support Northern Sea Route development,” Bellona, September 9, 2024, ➝
Jonathan Barrett and Johan Ahlander, “Exclusive: Swedish space company halts new business helping China operate satellites," Reuters, September 21, 2020, ➝.
Brady, China as a Polar Great Power.
Brady, China as a Polar Great Power, 67.
Frédéric Lasserre, “Arctic Shipping: A Contrasted Expansion of a Largely Destinational Market,” in The Global Arctic Handbook eds. Matthias Finger and Lassi Heininen (Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019), 83–100.
Howard French, Everything Under the Heavens: How the Past Helps China’s Push for Global Power (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2017), 56.
The nine-dash line demonstrates China’s claims on the South China Sea, a body of sea also claimed in part by Malaysia, Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, and even Indonesia. In protest to these claims, the Philippines adapted the name of “The Western Philippines Sea,” which brings to mind Trump’s re-naming of the Gulf of Mexico as “the Gulf of America.”
Brady, China as a Polar Great Power, 4.
Jerry Brotton, A History of the World in Twelve Maps. (London: Penguin, 2012), 10.