Michael Grieves, “Digital Twin: Manufacturing Excellence through Virtual Factory Replication,” White paper (2014); Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
Michael Grieves, “Physical Twins, Digital Twins, and the Apollo Myth,” 2022. Accessed January 2023. See ➝; Piascik, R., Vickers, J., Lowry, D., Scotti, S., Stewart, J., & Calomino, A. (2010). Technology area 12: Materials, structures, mechanical systems, and manufacturing road map. NASA Office of Chief Technologist; Piascik, R., Vickers, J., Lowry, D., Scotti, S., Stewart, J., & Calomino, A. (2010). Technology area 12: Materials, structures, mechanical systems, and manufacturing road map. NASA Office of Chief Technologist.
Volker Buscher, “Current State of Digital Twins,” in Arup, Digital twin: Towards a meaningful framework, (2019). See ➝.
W. Kritzinger, M. Karner, G. Traar, J. Henjes and W. Sjihn, “Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification", IFAC PapersOnLine 51, no. 11 (2018): 1016-1022.
Throughout the 1990s the term “Building Information Modelling” was coined, and a variety of software programs were developed that advanced the BIM concept. In 1992 G.A. van Nederveen and F. Tolman first used the term “Building Information Modelling” in an article to describe how different aspects of a building such as its spatial design, structure and energy could brought together as “aspect models” of common building model. G.A. van Nederveen, F.P. Tolman, “Modelling multiple views on buildings,” Automation in Construction 1, no. 3 (1992): 215-224.
“A Brief History of BIM / Michael S. Bergin” 7 Dec 2012. Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
L. Quartana, “Il restauro del modello ligneo del Duomo di Milano,” in Conservare e Restaurare il legno, Atti del Convegno di Studi, Bressanone, eds. G. Biscontin, G. Driussi, 23-26 June 2009 (Marghera-Venezia: Arcadia ricerche, 2009), 719-732.
Mingyan Deng and Carol C. Menassa and Vineet R. Kamat, “From BIM to digital twins: a systematic review of the evolution of intelligent building representations in the AEC-FM industry,” Journal of Information Technology in Construction 26 (February 2021): 58-83.
Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Tariq Shafiq, Dean Douglas, and Mohamad Kassem, "Digital Twins in Built Environments: An Investigation of the Characteristics, Applications, and Challenges" Buildings 12, no. 2 (2022): 120.
This data from the physical building is then combined, processed, and used to understand, analyze, manipulate, and optimize processes within what may be termed a “smart building.” A.H. Buckman, Mayfield, M. and B.M. Beck, S., "What is a Smart Building?”, Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 3, no. 2 (2014): 92-109.
Andrea Caragliu, Chiara Del Bo, and Peter Nijkamp, "Smart cities in Europe," Journal of urban technology 18, no. 2 (2011): 65-82.
Los Angeles Community Analysis Bureau, State of the City II: A Cluster Analysis of Los Angeles, City of Los Angeles, 1974.
National Research Foundation, Singapore Government: “Virtual Singapore.” Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
New South Wales Government, Spatial Services: “NSW Spatial Digital Twin.” Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
G. Mylonas, A. Kalogeras, G. Kalogeras, C. Anagnostopoulos, C. Alexakos and L. Muñoz, "Digital Twins From Smart Manufacturing to Smart Cities: A Survey," IEEE Access 9 (October 2021): 143222-143249.
Andrew Toland and Simon Kilbane, "City mega-models as literal and figurative visioning tools," Urban Design and Planning 171, no. 4 (August 2018): 166-176.
Michael Batty, "Digital twins," Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, no. 5 (2018): 817-820.
Muhammad Shahzad, Muhammad Tariq Shafiq, Dean Douglas, and Mohamad Kassem, “Digital Twins in Built Environments: An Investigation of the Characteristics, Applications, and Challenges,” Buildings 12, no. 2 (2022): 120.
D Fagella, “Sentient World Simulation and NSA Surveillance - Exploiting Privacy to Predict the Future?” Emerj. Artifical Intelligence Research (2017). Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
D Helbing and P Seele, ‘We Need Peace Rooms, Not War Rooms’ (The Globalist, 2017). Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
M. Aloqaily, O. Bouachir, F. Karray, I. A. Ridhawi and A. E. Saddik, "Integrating Digital Twin and Advanced Intelligent Technologies to Realize the Metaverse," in IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine (2022), doi: 10.1109/MCE.2022.3212570.
Mark van Rijmenam, “Why Digital Twins Are One of the Building Blocks of the Metaverse,” The Digital Speaker (April 13, 2022). Accessed January 2023. https://www.thedigitalspeaker.com/digital-twins-building-block-metaverse/; Musadiq Bidar, “Companies race to build "digital twins" in the metaverse,” (March 2022). Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
Jee Heon Rhee and Seung Hyun Cha, “Architectural Design in Metaverse Case Study,” Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea 38, no. 7 (2022): 69 – 80.
Ville V. Lehtola, Mila Koeva, Sander Oude Elberink, Paulo Raposo, Juho-Pekka Virtanen, Faridaddin Vahdatikhaki, Simone Borsci, “Digital twin of a city: Review of technology serving city needs,” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 114 (2022): 102915.
This term has been applied in diverse fields, including medicine, sports performance, manufacturing ergonomics and product design. Michael E. Miller and Emily Spatz, “A unified view of a human digital twin,” Human-Intelligent Systems Integration 4 (2022): 23–33.
Jianshan Sun, Zhiqiang Tian, Yelin Fu, Jie Geng & Chunli Liu, “Digital twins in human understanding: a deep learning-based method to recognize personality traits,” International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing 34, no. 7-8 (2021): 860-873.
Ted Hunt "Meet the Digital Twin you probably didn’t realise you had," Medium (January 2018). Accessed January 2023. See ➝.
Niklas Luhmann, Introduction to Systems Theory, trans. Peter Gilgen (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2013).
Maurice Merleau-Ponty, “Eye and Mind,” in The Merleau-Ponty aesthetics reader: philosophy and painting, ed and trans. Michael B. Smith (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 121-149.
Amelyn Ng appears to be referencing the same Borges story in her paper, “From Models to Mirror Worlds” which she claims is a biased critique of simulations whose precision replaces reality. Ng instead argues that digital modelling of “the world” does not stem from a desire to create a perfect representation of it but to operationalize it. For Ng, one should be cautioned not to let the positivism and prejudice that such an approach affords to be mirrored in reality. Amelyn Ng, “From Models to Mirror Worlds,” Cultural Politics 18, no 3 (2022): 305–307.
Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds (1686), trans. H. A. Hargreaves (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
The title to this essay was provided by ChatGPT-3.