This essay was commissioned as part of a collaboration between e-flux Architecture and the Critical, Curatorial, and Conceptual Practices in Architecture program (CCCP) of Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation (GSAPP) to publish reviews of the 2025 Venice Architecture Biennale and Carlo Ratti’s 19th International Architecture Exhibition, “Intelligens. Natural. Artificial. Collective.”
© 2025 e-flux and the author