Sylvia Wynter, “Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument,” The New Centennial Review 3, 3 (Fall 2003), 313–314.
New York Advisory Committee on the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, The Solitary Confinement of Youth in New York: A Civil Rights Violation (Washington, DC: US Commission on Civil Rights, 2014), 19. See →.
Architects/Designers/Planners for Social Responsibility, "Human Rights & Professional Ethics," →.
Boris Groys, “The Obligation to Self-Design,” e-flux Journal 0 (November 2008), →
Denise Ferreira Da Silva, Toward a Global Idea of Race, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007), xviii.
Eric Williams, Capitalism and Slavery (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994). See also Simon Gikandi, Slavery and the Culture of Taste (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
Thomas Jefferson, “Miscellaneous Buildings prison(plan), verso, undated,” in Thomas Jefferson Papers, →
Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 136.
Mark E. Kann, Punishment, Prisons, and Patriarchy: Liberty and Power in the Early American Republic (New York: New York University Press, 2005), 81.
The concept of penitentiaries spread quickly in the United States beginning with the construction of Walnut Street Prison in 1774, established by a group of Quakers lead by Benjamin Franklin. Michel Foucault described Walnut Street as an experiment where “life was partitioned according to an absolutely strict time-table, under constant supervision.” Ibid., Foucault, 124.
Howard C. Rice, Jr. “A French Source of Jefferson’s Plan for the Prison at Richmond,” in Journal of Society of Architectural Historians 12, 4 (Dec. 1953), 28–30.
Thomas Jefferson, Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson (Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 1959), 42.
Ibid., Foucault, 124.
Immanuel Kant, “On the Different Races of Men,” in Race and the Enlightenment, edited by Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze (Cambridge and Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, Inc., 1997), 40
David Bindman, From Ape to Apollo, Aesthetics and the Idea of Race in the 18th Century (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002).
Immanuel Kant, “On National Characteristics, so far as They Depend upon the Distinct Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime,” in Race and the Enlightenment, 55.
Saidiya Hartman, Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth Century America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), 80.
Thomas Jefferson, “Query: Administration of justice and description of the laws,” Notes on the State of Virginia (1785), →
Ibid.
Paul Finkelman, “Slavery in the United States: Persons or Property?,” in The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary, edited by Jean Allain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 105–134.
Ibid., Hartman, 4.
Ellen D. Katz, “African-American Freedom in Antebellum Cumberland County, Virginia – Freedom: Personal Liberty and Private Law,” in Chicago Kent Law Review 70, 3 (April 1995), 952. →
Ibid., 952-53.
Ibid., Foucault, 232. The total slave population in Virginia in 1820 was 425,153. The number of freed men and women totaled 39,889 making them 9% of the total black population in the state.
Ibid., Ferriera Da Silva, 120.
Superhumanity, a project by e-flux Architecture at the 3rd Istanbul Design Biennial, is produced in cooperation with the Istanbul Design Biennial, the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, Korea, the Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Zealand, and the Ernst Schering Foundation.