Astrology, Mortality, and Indifference to Life

Abram L. Wagner, “What Makes a ‘Wave’ of Disease? An Epidemiologist Explains,” The Conversation, July 6, 2020 →.

“Haridwar Kumbh Mela 2021: 83 साल बाद 11 साल में आयोजित हो रहा कुंभ मेला, जानें क्या है वजह,” AajTak, January 13, 2021 →.

The FXB Center for Health and Human Rights at Harvard University, “Public Health at the Kumbh Mela,” →.

See Shahrukh Alam, “Why ‘The Age of Pandemics,’ by Chinmay Tumbe, Deals with the Missing Historiography in India,” Indian Express, March 7, 2021 →.

David Arnold, “Cholera and Colonialism in British India,” Past & Present, no. 113 (1986): 118–51 →; Kama Maclean, Pilgrimage and Power: The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765-1954 (Oxford University Press, 2008) →.

Santosh Chaubey, “Kumbh in the Times of Covid: How World’s Largest Religious Festival Turned Super-spreader in the Past,” News 18, April 14, 2021 →.

R. Pollitzer, MD, Cholera (World Health Organization, 1959) →.

Surgeon-Captain W. J. Buchanan, “The Natural History of Hardwar Fair Cholera Outbreaks,” Indian Medical Gazette, August 1895 →; S. Siridhar et al., “A Comprehensive Review of the Kumbh Mela: Identifying Risks for the Spread of Infectious Disease,” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 21, no. 2 (February 2015): 128–33 →.

“Haridwar Kumbh 2021 To Be Held as Per Schedule, Says Uttarakhand CM,” PTI, July 22, 2020 →.

Press Trust of India, “Hardiwar Kumbh in 2021 to be numerically restricted: Trivendra Singh Rawat,” Business Standard, September 18, 2020 →.

ANI, “Will Organise Maha Kumbh on Our Own If Uttarakhand Govt Doesn’t Cooperate: Akhada Parishad,” Business World, December 2020 →.

Nitsula Hebbar, “Uttarkhand CM Trivendra Singh Rawat Resigns,” The Hindu, March 9, 2021 →; FE Online, “Uttarakhand Kumbh Mela: Here Is Why New CM Tirath Singh Rawat Doesn’t Want Any Restrictions on Pilgrims,” Financial Express, March 20, 2021 →.

HT Correspondent, “Uttarakhand Ex-CM Trivendra Rawat Flags Easing of Covid Restrictions for Kumbh,” Hindustan Times, March 15, 2021 →.

Ashoke Raj, “Kumbj Might Become Covid-19 Super Spreader: Central Govt Official Expresses Apprehension at Review Meet,” ANI News, April 6, 2021 →.

Ministry of Health (@MoHFW_INDIA), “This news published by @IndiaToday is INCORRECT and FAKE,” Twitter, April 6, 2021 →.

NL Team, “India Today Rapped by Health Ministry for Running ‘Fake News’ on Kumbh Mela,” Newslaundry, April 7, 2021 →.

Raksha Panthri, “Hardiwar Kumbh Mela 2021: For the first time after 1938 Kumbh was held in a gap of 11 years,” Jagran, April 14, 2021 →.

Normal Howard-Jones, The Scientific Background of the International Sanitary Conferences 1851–1938 (World Health Organization, 1975) →.

Disha Roy Choudhury, “Nobody Knew it Would Be a Virus: Astrologers on Pandemic and 2021,” Indian Express, January 13, 2021 →.

Vinod Khanal, “British Scrapped Magh Mela in 1942,” Times of India, January 14, 2016 →.

Devanjana Nag, “Indian Railways to Run Special Trains for Hardiwar Kumbh Mela 2021,” Financial Express, January 11, 2021 →.

Shivani Azad (@shivaniazadTOI), “The most influential and powerful Juna Akhara has cleared its stand that Maha Kumbh will continue till ‘May 26,’” Twitter, April 16, 2021 →.