“Molly” is a pseudonym and an amalgamation of three similar people.
Jonathan Jarry, “Popular Health Guru Sayer Ji Curates the Scientific Literature with his Bachelor’s Degree in Philosophy,” McGill Office for Science and Society, July 11, 2019 →.
Sheera Frenkel, “The Most Influential Spreader of Coronavirus Misinformation Online,” New York Times, July 24, 2021 →.
Farhad Manjoo, “Alex Jones and the Wellness-Conspiracy Industrial Complex,” New York Times, August 11, 2022 →.
See an interactive map of Helen Chu’s Seattle Flu Study and the Seattle Coronavirus Assessment Network →.
Amitav Ghosh, The Great Derangement (University of Chicago Press, 2016).
See Celia Lowe, “Unseens,” in Anthropocene Unseen: A Lexicon, ed. Anand Pandian and Cymene Howe (Punctum Books, 2019).
Celia Lowe and Ursula Münster, “The Viral Creep: Elephants and Herpes in Times of Extinction,” Environmental Humanities 8, no. 1 (2016): 118–42 →.
Markus Gabriel, Why the World Does Not Exist (Polity Press, 2017).
Spencer Bailey and Andrew Zuckerman, “Markus Gabriel on the Coronavirus as an Immune Reaction of the Planet,” May 6, 2020, in At a Distance, podcast →.
Monika Kaup, New Ecological Realisms: Post-Apocalyptic Fiction and Contemporary Theory (Edinburgh University Press, 2021), 44.
Kaup, New Ecological Realisms, 45.
On global trade, see Andrew Liu, “‘Chinese Virus,’ World Market,” n+1, March 20, 2020 →.
Roderick Wallace, Deborah Wallace, and Robert Wallace, Farming Human Pathogens: Ecological Resilience and Evolutionary Process (Springer, 2009).
Personal communication with Kirksey.
Andrew Liu, “Lab-Leak Theory and the Asiatic Form,” n+1, no. 42 (Spring 2022) →.
Liu, “Lab-Leak Theory.”
Cecilia A. Sanchez et al., “A Strategy to Assess Spillover Risk of SARS-Related Coronaviruses in Southeast Asia,” Nature Communications, no. 13 (August 2022) →.
Kristian G. Anderson et al., “The Proximal Source of SARS-CoV-2,” Nature Medicine, no. 26, March 17, 2020 →.
James Gorman and Carl Zimmer, “Scientist Opens Up About His Early Email to Fauci on Virus Origins,” New York Times, June 14, 2021 →.
Isabelle Stengers, “The Challenge of Ontological Politics,” in A World of Many Worlds, ed. Marisol de la Cadena and Mario Blaser (Duke University Press, 2018), 89.
Erik Conway and Naomi Oreskes, Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Climate Change (Bloomsbury Press, 2011).
Krishna Ramanujan, “More than 99.9% of Studies Agree: Humans Caused Climate Change,” Cornell Chronicle, October 19, 2021 →.
Ahmad Haroki, “Freemasonry Menjajah Indonesia Lewat Namru” (Freemasonry Colonizes Indonesia via Namru), Ahmad Haroki (blog), October 29, 2009; FMKP (Forum Masyarakat Komunitas Perunggasan), “Isu Flu Burung Aksi BioTerrorisme AS,” March 2007; Nando Baskara, Namru: Misi Kesehatan atau Jaringan Intelijen Amerika (Penerbit Narasi, 2008).
Siti Fadilah Supari, It’s Time for the World to Change (Penerbit Lentera, 2007), 124.
Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity (Stanford University Press, 1990), 34, 90.
I am deeply grateful to Eben Kirksey and Monika Kaup for their contributions to my thinking on the Viral Real. My own research and writing described in this article was funded by the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society, the Simpson Center for the Humanities at the University of Washington, and a Fulbright Indonesia grant.