The armed forces had express orders to assassinate protesters. They killed forty civilians using assault weapons and lead pellets. For a full report on the events, see Humans Right Watch →. For a varied cultural assessment of the events, read the article series “The ‘Marcha a Lima’ against the Denial of Modern Political Rights,” edited by Marisol de la Cadena for Fieldsights, March 2023 →.
Garcilasco de la Vega, Los Comentarios reales de los Incas (Ayacucho, 1976).
Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala, El primer nueva corónica y buen gobierno (1615/16) (Biblioteca Ayacucho, 1980). The DET KGL Bibliotek in Copenhagen has a digital facsimile of the original manuscript →.
Juliana (1989) was a movie that portrayed a girl who cross-dressed to survive living in the streets →.
Chacalón was a leading musician of Peruvian cumbia, or chicha, music in the eighties. He was born in a Lima shantytown and came from an Andean family.
Carlos Iván Degregori and José López Ricci, “Los hijos de la guerra: jóvenes andinos y criollos frente a la violencia política,” in Tiempos de ira y de amor (Desco, 1990).
Ricardo Palma, Tradiciones Peruanas (Montaner y Simón, 1893).
See the video made by the visual collective and activist platform Chola Contravisual →.
See →.
Laura Rita Segato, La crítica de la colonialidad en ocho ensayos: y una antropología por demanda (Prometeo, 2015).
José Esteban Muñoz, The Sense of Brown (Duke University Press, 2020), 4.
In Marisol de la Cadena’s series for Fieldsights, I offer a more detailed trans feminist reading of these last protests: Olga Rodriguez-Ulloa, “Cholas Fighting Political and Visual Struggles,” Fieldsights, March 30, 2023 →.