Dwork and Naor, “Pricing Via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail,” in Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO ’92: 12th Annual Cryptology Conference, Santa Barbara, California, USA, August 16–20 1992, Proceedings, ed. Ernest F. Brickell (Springer-Verlag, 1993).
Jakobsson and Juels, “Proofs of Work and Bread Pudding Protocols,” in Secure Information Networks: Communications and Multimedia Security IFIP TC6/TC11 Joint Working Conference on Communications and Multimedia Security (CMS’99), September 20–21, 1999, Leuven, Belgium, ed. Bart Preneel (Springer US, 1999).
Adrian Chen, “Much Ado About Bitcoin,” New York Times, November 26, 2013 →.
Burrington, “How We Misremember the Internet’s Origins,” The New Republic, October 29, 2019 →.
Steven Gonzalez Monserrate, “The Cloud Is Material: On the Environmental Impacts of Computation and Data Storage,” MIT Case Studies in Social and Ethical Responsibilities of Computing, Winter 2022 →.
Alex de Vries, “Bitcoin’s Growing Water Footprint,” Cell Reports Sustainability 1, no. 1 (2024).
De Vries, “Bitcoin’s Growing Water Footprint.”
Andrea Ballestero, “The Anthropology of Water,” Annual Review of Anthropology, no. 48 (2019).
Jessica McKenzie, “This Power Plant Stopped Burning Fossil Fuels. Then Bitcoin Came Along,” Grist, May 6, 2021 →.
Coal ash, produced by burning coal, is a highly toxic waste stream, and left in unlined ponds can seep into the groundwater, leaching contaminants like mercury and arsenic into the water supply. US Environmental Protection Agency, “EPA Reaches Settlement with Greenidge Generation LLC on Actions to Address Compliance with Coal Ash Regulations,” press release, February 6, 2024 →.
Dryer, “Settler Computing: Water Algorithms and the Equitable Apportionment Doctrine on the Colorado River, 1950–1990,” Osiris, 38, no. 1 (2023).
David Martin Davies, “Texas Paid a Bitcoin Miner More Than $31 Million to Power Down During Heat Wave,” Texas Public Radio, September 6, 2023 →.
Morrison, What Moves at the Margin: Selected Nonfiction (University Press of Mississippi, 2008), 77.
See, for example, Lyla Mehta, “Introduction,” in The Limits to Scarcity: Contesting the Politics of Allocation, ed. Mehta (Routledge, 2010).
Wark, Hacker Manifesto, thesis 345.
Smith, “Ecological Institutions → Protocols to Grow Autonomous and Convivial Ecological Actors,” mirror.xyz, 2024 →.