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Jonathan Riley-Smith, The Oxford History of the Crusades (Oxford University Press, 1999).
Richard Keickhefer, Repression of Heresies in Medieval Germany (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1979); Mark Pegg, The Corruption of Angels: The Great Inquisition of 1245–1246 (Princeton University Press, 2001).
Philip Gorski, “The Protestant Ethic Revisited: Disciplinary Revolution and State Formation in Holland and Prussia,” The American Journal of Sociology 99 no. 2 (1993).
David Luebke, The Counter-Reformation: The Essential Readings (Blackwell, 1999).
Geoffrey Treasure, The Huguenots (Yale University Press, 2013).
Brian Manning, Politics, Religion and the English Civil War (Edward Arnold, 1973); England’s Long Reformation: 1500–1800, ed. Nicholas Tyacke (UCL Press, 1998).
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Lester Langley, The Banana Wars: United States Intervention in the Caribbean (University Press of Kentucky, 1983).
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The idea was originally expressed in the last sentence of The Communist Manifesto, which reads: “Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains.” It was later further elaborated by Marx, Lenin, and many other Marxist theorists. See Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto, trans. Helen Macfarlane (Penguin Classics, 2002).
Liliana Riga, The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Cornell University Press, 2001).
Ronald Suny, The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution, and the Collapse of the Soviet Union (Stanford University Press, 1993).
Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire (Verso, 2003).
Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (University of Oklahoma Press, 1993).
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (Free Press, 1992).
This article was originally published before Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The Ukrainian government has undergone significant changes since then, driven by the need for wartime efficiency.