Alexandre Kojève, “Esquisse d’une doctrine de la politique française,” typescript, August 27, 1945, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320 (13), Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF), Paris, 46.
All preceding quotations from Alexandre Kojève, “Les philosophes ne m’intéressent pas, je cherche des sages,” interview with Gilles Lapouge, La Quinzaine littéraire, no. 53 (July 15, 1968).
Aaron to Alexandre Kojève, February 20, 1959, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320 (22), BNF, Paris.
E. D. J. Kruijtbosch to Alexandre Kojève, December 11, 1964, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320 (22), BNF, Paris.
Quoted in Francine McKenzie, GATT and Global Order in the Postwar Era (Cambridge University Press, 2020), 125n97.
Quoted in McKenzie, GATT and Global Order, 115.
Olivier Wormser, “Mon ami Alexandre Kojève,” Commentaire, no. 9 (1980): 120.
Lucia Coppolaro, The Making of a World Trading Power: The European Economic Community (EEC) in the GATT Kennedy Round Negotiations (1963–67) (Ashgate, 2013), 69–72.
“EEC Tariff Compromise Accepts US Principles,” New York Herald Tribune, May 10, 1963.
Rodney Grey, “Face à Kojève,” Revue de la bibliothèque nationale de France 28, 2008, 82.
W. Michael Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington: A Memoir of Leadership in the Twentieth Century (Overlook Press, 2015), 218.
Reinhard Rode, Kluge Handelsmacht: Gezähmte Liberalisierung als Governanceleistung im Welthandelsregime GATT/WTO (LIT Verlag, 2006), 78.
McKenzie, GATT and Global Order, 133.
Grey, “Face à Kojève,” 80.
Blumenthal, From Exile to Washington, 220.
John B. Rehm, “Developments in the Law and Institutions of International Economic Relations: The Kennedy Round of Trade Negotiations,” American Journal of International Law 62, no. 2 (April 1968): 409.
Piers Ludlow, “The Emergence of a Commercial Heavy-Weight: The Kennedy Round Negotiations and the European Community of the 1960s,” Diplomacy & Statecraft 18, no. 2 (2007).
Isaiah Frank to Alexandre Kojève, November 20, 1964, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320 (22), BNF, Paris.
Kojève, “Texte d’un discours au président (d’une instance du G.A.T.T.),” typescript, November 13, 1961, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320, BNF, Paris, 1.
Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, “Trump’s Nostalgia for 19th-Century Tariffs Has Alarming Implications for the World,” The Telegraph, October 25, 2024.
George W. Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern (Norton, 1982), 189.
Sugar furnished another illustration of Kojève’s point. At the heart of the issue was the US policy of maintaining prices significantly above global levels, ostensibly to protect domestic producers. This system also relied on carefully allocated import quotas critical to the economies of Latin American countries supplying sugar to the US market. However, the dynamics shifted dramatically with the embargo against Cuba following the toppling of Batista’s dictatorship and the subsequent deterioration in US-Cuba relations. With Cuba out of the picture, a congressional bill proposed reallocating its lucrative quota primarily to domestic producers rather than foreign suppliers. This not only heightened tensions within the US government but also risked alienating key Latin American allies who depended on their quotas for economic stability. President Kennedy, seeking a workable solution, decided to consult Senate Majority Whip Hubert Humphrey. Humphrey, who hailed from Minnesota—with its strong beet-sugar lobby—predictably came out in favor of the legislation, effectively scuttling prospects for a more internationally equitable distribution.
Giuliano Garavini, After Empires. European Integration, Decolonization, and the Challenge from the Global South 1957–1986 (Oxford University Press, 2012), 35.
Central Intelligence Bulletin, June 1, 1963, 6 →.
Branislav Gosovic, Conflict and Compromise: The Third World’s Quest for an Equitable World Economic Order through the United Nations (A. W. Sijthoff, 1972), 268n69; Branislav Gosovic, “Vignettes from My Half a Century Alongside the Group of 77,” UN Chronicle, May 16, 2014 →.
Raymond Aron to Walt W. Rostow, October 16, 1961, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320 (22), BNF, Paris.
Nils Gilman, Mandarins of the Future: Modernization Theory in Cold War America (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007), 198.
Pierre Drouin, “Les États géneráux du ‘Tiers Monde’ II. – Une autre philosophie,” Le Monde, February 26, 1964.
Alexandre Kojève, “Éléments pour le Mémorandum français,” typescript, September 2, 1963, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320, BNF, Paris, 1.
Kojève, “Éléments pour le Mémorandum français,” 14.
Quoted in Pierre Drouin, “Les États géneráux du ‘Tiers Monde’ II.”
“Statement by H. E. Mr. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs of France, head of delegation,” March 24, 1964, Proceedings of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva, 23 March–16 June 1964, vol. II, Policy Statements (United Nations, 1964), 196.
“M. Heath expose le programme libre échangiste de la Grande-Bretagne,” Le Monde, April 7, 1964.
Memorandum from the Under Secretary of State (Ball) to President Kennedy, Washington, November 12, 1963, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961–1963, vol. IX, Foreign Economic Policy (United States Government Printing Office, 1995), 622.
Ball, The Past Has Another Pattern, 194.
Wolfram van den Wyenbergh, “Bleibt der Entwicklungsrat die große Klagemauer?” Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 26, 1966, 17.
Quoted in Martin Daunton, The Economic Government of the World 1933–2023 (Allen Lane, 2023), 421.
Quoted in Edgar J. Dosman, The Life and Times of Raúl Prebisch (McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2008), 370.
Raúl Prebisch, Towards A New Trade Policy for Development (United Nations, 1964), 43, 48.
Paul Fabra, “Le rapport de M. Prebisch, secrétaire général de la conférence mondiale du commerce, rejoint sur certains points l’‘aide-mémoire’ français,” Le Monde, March 23, 1964.
Alexandre Kojève, “Colonialism from a European Perspective,” lecture given at the Rhine-Ruhr Club, Düsseldorf, January 16, 1957, Interpretation 29, no. 1 (Fall 2001): 121.
Raúl Prebisch, The Economic Development of Latin America and Its Principal Problems (United Nations, 1950), 4.
Alexandre Kojève, “Note pour Monsieur Wahl. Sous-développement et régionalisme,” typescript, January 19, 1963, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320, BNF, Paris, 1.
Leo Brawand, “Wer niemals eine Schraube sah … I. Zwischenbilanz der Entwicklungshilfe,” Der Spiegel, October 8, 1967.
Memorandum from the Under Secretary of State (Ball) to President Kennedy, Washington (November 12, 1963), 623.
Raúl Prebisch to Alexandre Kojève, August 25, 1966, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320 (22), BNF, Paris.
“M. Prebisch: les préférences accordées aux pays africains associés à la C.E.E. sont un ‘vestige du passé,’” Le Monde, January 17, 1968.
Kojève, “Les systèmes de préférences industrielles,” typescript, September 28, 1967, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320 (22), BNF, Paris.
Gardner Patterson, Discrimination in International Trade: The Policy Issues, 1945–1965 (Princeton University Press, 1966), 369n69.
Kojève, “Note sur la session de l’ECAFE à Tokyo,” February 24, 1962, Fonds Kojève, NAF 28320, BNF, Paris, 3.
Kojève, “Note pour Monsieur Wahl. Sous-développement et régionalisme,” 4.
Kojève, “Éléments pour le Mémorandum français,” 15.
Raymond Nart, “Alexandre Kojevnikov dit Kojève: Un homme de l’ombre,” Commentaire, no. 161 (2018): 224.
Grey, “Face à Kojève,” 85.
Hans Magnus Enzensberger, Ach Europa: Wahrnehmungen aus sieben Ländern (Suhrkamp, 1987), 306–8.
“French ECAFE Delegate attacks US and Russia,” Financial Times, March 23, 1965, 7.
John Toye and Richard Toye, The UN and Global Political Economy: Trade, Finance, and Development (Indiana University Press, 2004), 8.
Andrés Rivarola Puntigliano and Örjan Appelqvist, “Prebisch and Myrdal: Development Economics in the Core and on the Periphery,” Journal of Global History 6, no. 1 (2011): 51.
François Châtelet, Chronique des idées perdues (Stock, 1977), 107.
Edmund Husserl, “Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie (1936),” in Husserliana, vol. 6, ed. Walter Biemel (Nijhoff, 1954), 15.