Unreformed Images

Hallie Ayres

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Haroon Mirza, Illuminated Revelations in a Cave (Solar Cell Circuit Composition 29), 2023; Illuminated Energy Ball Created by Olivia Arévalo (Solar Cell Circuit Composition 30), 2024. Courtesy of the artist; Lisson Gallery, London; Max Goelitz, Munich; and SCAI The Bathhouse, Tokyo. Photo: Hong Cheolki. Courtesy of Seoul Museum of Art.
Issue #156
September 2025










Notes
1

Joseph Leo Koerner, The Reformation of the Image (University of Chicago Press, 2004), 10.

2

Koerner, Reformation of the Image, 11.

3

Koerner, Reformation of the Image, 11.

4

Koerner, Reformation of the Image, 442.

5

Laurel Kendall, Jongsung Yang, and Yul Soo Yoon, God Pictures in Koren Contexts: The Ownership and Meaning of Shaman Paintings (University of Hawaii Press, 2015), 97.

6

Kendall, Yang, and Yoon, God Pictures, 97, emphasis added.

7

James Webb, The Occult Underground (Open Court, 1974), 90.

8

For instance, the Chinese Institute of Mentalism—the leading hypnotism society during China’s Republican Era (1912–49)—was established in 1911 in Tokyo and only later moved to Shanghai.

9

Gerald Figal, Civilization and Monsters: Spirits of Modernity in Meiji Japan (Duke University Press, 1999), 199.

10

During Japanese occupation, many Korean Christians were imprisoned for refusing to worship the Japanese Emperor; though motivated by theological rather than political convictions, this phenomenon led to a reading of Christianity as a bulwark of Korean nationalism.

11

Wallace Stevens, Opus Posthumous: Poems, Plays, Prose (Knopf 2011), 228.







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