Julian Assange, in: “The Julian Assange Show: Cypherpunks Uncut (p.1)”, RT.com, July 29, 2012. See →
Milton Mueller, Networks and States. The Global Politics of Internet Governance. Cambridge (MA): The MIT Press, 2010, 9-10.
Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol I: The Rise of the Network Society (Malden, MA: Blackwell 1996 [2000]), 442.
Ibid.
Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 73.
James Gleick, The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood, (New York: Pantheon Books, 2011), 396.
James Glanz, “The Cloud Factories: Power, Pollution and the Internet,” New York Times, September 22, 2012. See →.
When, for example Dutch filmmaker Marije Meerman, while working on a documentary about the financial crisis and the role of high-speed trading, wanted to find data centers servicing the New York Stock Exchange, she found no official record of where these were located. Instead, Meerman tracked them down by looking for clues on the web sites of the construction companies that built them, and by flipping through local files of New Jersey town hall meetings. Eventually, she mapped a ring of data centers around New York City. See Marije Meerman, lecture at Mediafonds, Amsterdam, January 12, 2012, and →.
Pier Vittorio Aureli. In Pier Vittorio Aureli, Boris Groys, Metahaven, and Marina Vishmidt, “Form.” In Uncorporate Identity (Baden: Lars Müller, 2010), 262.
Boris Groys. In Pier Vittorio Aureli, Boris Groys, Metahaven, and Marina Vishmidt, “Form.” In Uncorporate Identity (Baden: Lars Müller, 2010), 263.
John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996. See →.
Saskia Sassen, Territory – Authority – Rights. From Medieval to Global Assemblages, (Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006, 2008), 330.
Milton Mueller, Networks and States, 268.
“About Microsoft” See →.
See Gillian Reagan, “The Evolution of Facebook’s Mission Statement.” New York Observer, July 13, 2009. See →.
See “About Skype” see →.
See Instagram FAQ →.
A. Michael Froomkin, “Flood Control on the Information Ocean: Living With Anonymity, Digital Cash, and Distributed Databases,”University of Pittsburgh Journal of Law and Commerce 395 (1996). See →.
See “Data Haven by Bruce Sterling from Islands in the Net”, technovelgy.com. See →.
The Principality of Sealand is discussed at length in our book, Uncorporate Identity. In our interview with hacker, cryptographer, and internet entrepreneur Sean Hastings, a self-styled inventor of Sealand’s data haven, Hastings declared that “the world needs a frontier. Every law, for good or ill, is an imposition on freedom. The frontier has always been a place for people who disagree with the morality of current law to be able to get away from it.” Sean Hastings, in “The Rise And Fall Of The Data Haven, Interview with Sean Hastings,” Metahaven and Maria Vishmidt eds., Uncorporate Identity (Baden: Lars Müller, 2010), 65. Later examples include Seasteading, an enterprise founded by Patri Friedman, designed to be a set of sovereign floating sea vehicles under ultraminimal governance without welfare or taxes. In 2011, Seasteading received funding from Paypal founder Peter Thiel. This “libertarian sea colony” was directly modeled after the Principality of Sealand, mixed with the gated community, the ranch, and the cruise ship. It is uncertain whether such physical havens, if realized in the first place, will ever escape their founding vision of conservative-libertarian frontier romanticism. See Cooper Smith, “Peter Thiel, PayPal Founder, Funds ‘Seasteading,’ Libertarian Sea Colony,” Huffington Post, August 19, 2011, see →.
Joi Ito, “Havenco Doing Well According BBC.” Quoted from Slashdot, July 10, 2002. See →
James Grimmelmann, “Sealand, Havenco, And The Rule Of Law.”Illinois Law Review 405, 2012, 460. See →
Grimmelmann, “Sealand, Havenco, And The Rule Of Law.” 462.
Grimmelmann, “Sealand, Havenco, And The Rule Of Law.” 463.
Cory Doctorow, “Pirate Bay trying to buy Sealand, offering citizenship.” boingboing.net, January 12, 2007. See →.
Michael Froomkin, “Internet Regulation at a Crossroads.” Lecture at Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, June 2012. YouTube. See →.
See Liz Gannes, “The Vanity of the ‘Acqhire’: Why Do a Deal That Makes No Sense?” AllThingsD, August 10, 2012. See →
Grimmelmann, “Sealand, Havenco, And The Rule Of Law.” 479.
James Boyle, Foucault In Cyberspace: Surveillance, Sovereignty, and Hard-Wired Censors, 1997. See →.
Ibid.
Grimmelmann, “Sealand, Havenco, And The Rule Of Law.” 484.
“Icelandic bank Kaupthing threat to WikiLeaks over confidential large exposure report.” WikiLeaks.org, July 31, 2009. See →.
See “Banking Blockade.” WikiLeaks.org. See →.
Ryan Paul, “Wikileaks kicked out of Amazon’s cloud.” Ars Technica, December 1, 2010. See →.
Alexia Tsotsis, “Sen. Joe Lieberman: Amazon Has Pulled Hosting Services For WikiLeaks.” Techcrunch, December 1, 2010. See →.
Paul Owen, Richard Adams, Ewen MacAskill, “WikiLeaks: US Senator Joe Lieberman suggests New York Times could be investigated.” The Guardian, December 7, 2010. See →.
Yochai Benkler, “WikiLeaks and the Protect-IP Act: A New Public-Private Threat to the Internet Commons,” Daedalus 4 (2011), 154–55.
James Grimmelmann, e-mail to author. July 17, 2012.
Charles Arthur, “WikiLeaks claims court victory against Visa.” The Guardian, July 12, 2012. See →.
James Grimmelmann, e-mail to author, July 17, 2012.
Omar R. Valdimarsson, “Iceland Court Orders Valitor to Process WikiLeaks Donations.” Bloomberg, July 12, 2012. See →.
Charles Arthur, The Guardian. Ibid. See →.
William Neuman and Maggy Ayala, “Ecuador Grants Asylum to Assange, Defying Britain.” The New York Times, August 15, 2012. See →
Tiina Pajuste, “Assange v Swedish Prosecution Authority: the (mis)application of European and international law by the UK Supreme Court - Part I.” Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law, June 20, 2012. See →.
The British authorities sent a letter to Ecuador saying that “You need to be aware that there is a legal base in the UK, the Diplomatic and Consular Premises Act 1987, that would allow us to take actions in order to arrest Mr Assange in the current premises of the embassy. We sincerely hope that we do not reach that point, but if you are not capable of resolving this matter of Mr Assange’s presence in your premises, this is an open option for us.” See Mark Weisbrot, “Julian Assange asylum: Ecuador is right to stand up to the US.” The Guardian, August 16, 2012. See →.
Sarah Oliver, “‘It’s like living in a space station’: Julian Assange speaks out about living in a one-room embassy refuge with a mattress on the floor and a blue lamp to mimic daylight.” The Daily Mail, September 29, 2012. See →.
See Raffi Khatchadourian, “No Secrets. Julian assange’s mission for total transparency.” The New Yorker, June 7, 2010. See →.
Twitter. See →.
See “AWS Security and Compliance Center.” See →.
See “Amazon Web Services: Risk and Compliance White Paper July 2012.” See →.
See Malcolm Ross, “Appian World 2012 – Developer Track.”Appian.com, March 16, 2012.
Rebecca J. Rosen, “How Your Private Emails Can Be Used Against You in Court.” The Atlantic, July 8, 2011. See →
Ibid.
James Gleick, The Information, 395–96.
Glenn Greenwald, “DOJ subpoenas Twitter records of several WikiLeaks volunteers.” Salon.com, January 8, 2011. See →.
Kevin Poulsen, “Feds: WikiLeaks Associates Have ‘No Right’ To Know About Demands For Their Records.” Wired, June 2, 2011. See →
Birgitta Jónsdóttir, “Evidence of a US judicial vendetta against WikiLeaks activists mounts.” The Guardian, July 3, 2012. See →.
Bernard Keane, “The Boston fishing party and Australians’ rights online.” Crikey, January 17, 2012. See →.
Twitter. See →
Bernard Keane, ibid.
See Gabriella Coleman, The Many Moods Of Anonymous: Transcript. Discussion at NYU Steinhardt, March 4, 2011.
Steve Fishman, “Hello, I Am Sabu ... “ New York Magazine, June 3, 2012. See →
Nate Anderson, “LulzSec leader ‘Sabu’ worked with FBI since last summer.” Ars Technica, March 6, 2012. See →
Charles Arthur, Dan Sabbagh and Sandra Laville, “LulzSec leader Sabu was working for us, says FBI.” The Guardian, March 7, 2012. See →
Saskia Sassen, Ibid., 382-3.
Written by Daniel van der Velden and Vinca Kruk. Research Assistant: Alysse Kushinski. Design Assistants: Rasmus Svensson, Allison Kerst and Michael Oswell. All images courtesy of Metahaven. Metahaven 2012.
To be continued in “Captives of the Cloud: Part III. Tomorrow’s Clouds.”