Wilhelm Röntgen, “On a New Kind of Rays,” Nature, January 23, 1896, 274–76; English translation of the 1895 original text “Uber eine neue art von strahlen,” published in the Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Gesellschaft in Würzburg 137, December 28, 1895, 132–41.
Ibid.
Ibid.
The original article did not include illustrations, but the English version published in Nature a few weeks later did.
Multiple sources, including Röntgen Centennial: X-rays in Natural and Life Sciences, ed. Gottfried Landwehrand and A. Hasse (Singapore: World Scientific, 1997), 7–8.
Röntgen, “On a New Kind of Rays.”
Ibid.
Röntgen also sent the reprint and images to the following scientists: Arthur Schuster in Manchester, Friedrich Kohlrauch in Gottingen, Lord Kelvin in Glasgow, and Franz Exner in Vienna.
It was Franz Exner who alerted the Vienna newspaper to Röntgen’s discovery.
A. Urbanik, “History of Polish Gastrointestinal Radiology,” Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol. 54, no. 3 (2003): 211.
Josef Maria Eder, Ausfuhrliches Handbuch Der Photographie (Halle, 1884).
Josef Maria Eder and Eduard Valenta, Versuche über Photographie mittelst der Röntgen’schen Strahlen (Vienna: R. Lechner & Halle, Wilhelm Knapp, 1896).
László Moholy-Nagy, “Space-Time Problems,” first published in American Abstract Artists Yearbook (New York, 1946). Reprinted in Vision in Motion (Chicago, 1947), 252.
Linda Dalrymple Henderson, Duchamp in Context: Science and Technology in the Large Glass and Related Works (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998). See also Tom Gunning, “Invisible Worlds, Visible Media,” in Brought to Light: Photography and the Invisible 1840–1900, ed. Corey Keller (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).
L. Aubert, La Photographie de l’Invisible: les rayons X suivi d’un glossaire (Paris: Les livres d’or de la science, 1898).
Pall Mall Gazette, March 1896. Quoted in Jon Queijo, Breakthrough!: How the 10 Greatest Discoveries in Medicine Saved Millions and Changed Our View of the World (London: FT Press, 2010).
Wilhelma, Electrical Review, April 17, 1896.
Tom Gunning, “Invisible Worlds,” 52.
Arthur Korn, introduction to the first edition of Glas im Bau (1929); quote from the introduction of the English edition by Barrie & Rockliff.
Rudolf Grashey’s Typische Röntgenbilder von normalen Menschen, for example, went through six printings between 1905 and 1939. See Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison, “The Image of Objectivity,” in “Seeing Science,” special issue, Representations 40 (Autumn 1992): 81–128.
James Sibley Watson, Jr., Highlights and Shadows (Kodak, 1937), quoted in Lisa Cartwright, Screening the Body: Tracing Medicine’s Visual Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 155.
Edith Farnsworth quoted in Joseph A. Barry, “Report on the American Battle between Good and Bad Modern,” House Beautiful, May 1953, 270.
Edith Farnsworth, “Memoirs” (unpublished manuscript), quoted in Alice T. Friedman, Women and the Making of the Modern House: A Social and Architectural History (New York: Abrams, 1998), 143.
August Flint and William H. Welch, The Principles and Practice of Medicine (5th edition, 1881), cited in Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor (New York: Vintage Books, 1979), 53.
Ibid., 14–15.
Le Corbusier, L’art decoratif d’aujourd’hui (Paris: G. Crès et Cie, 1925),190; my translation.
Susan Sontag Archives, UCLA, Box 43.
Ibid.
Thomas Mann, The Magic Mountain (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1945), 348–49.