On voucher humanitarianism, see Paul Harvey, Cash and Vouchers in Emergencies (London: Overseas Development Institute, 2005) and Gabrielle Smith et al., New Technologies in Cash Transfer Programming and Humanitarian Assistance (Oxford: Cash Learning Partnership, 2011). This essay draws upon and extends an analysis of voucher humanitarianism in Daniel Bertrand Monk and Andrew Herscher, “The New Universalism: Refuges and Refugees between Global History and Voucher Humanitarianism,” Grey Room 61, forthcoming.
Through the “Digital Food” program, MasterCard and the WFP have partnered to develop prepaid debit cards for Syrian refugees in Turkey and Lebanon; see MasterCard, “MasterCard and the United Nations World Food Programme in Partnership to Deliver ‘Digital Food’,” press release, September 13, 2012 →; and World Food Programme, “Meet our Partners” →.
Dina Fine Maron, “Eye-Imaging ID Unlocks Aid Dollars for Syrian Civil War Refugees,” Scientific American, September 18, 2013; see also Gaelle Sundelin, “Iris-Scanning Technology Streamlines Refugee Registration Process—UNHCR,” Jordan Times, July 21, 2013 →.
Maron, ibid.
Monk and Herscher, “The New Universalism.”
“The social war, the war of each against each, is here openly declared”: see Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, trans. W. O. Henderson and W. H. Chaloner (Oxford: Blackwell, 1958 (1845)), 69.
See, for example, Anthony S. Wohl, The Eternal Slum: Housing and Social Policy in Victorian London (London: Edward Arnold, 1977), xiii; Neil Kunze, “Housing,” in Victorian Britain: An Encyclopedia, ed. Sally Mitchell (New York: Garland, 1988), 379; Christopher Hamlin, Public Health and Social Justice in the Age of Chadwick (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 4; and Carolyn Taylor, “Humanitarian Narrative: Bodies and Detail in Late-Victorian Social Work,” British Journal of Social Work 38 (2008).
William Cooke Taylor, Notes of a Tour in the Manufacturing Districts of Lancashire (London: Duncan and Malcolm, 1842), 238.
Thomas Beames, The Rookeries of London (London: Frank Cass and Co., 1970 (1850)), 169.
Friedrich Engels, “To the Working Classes of Great Britain,” in Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, 28.
Robin Evans, “Rookeries and Model Dwellings: English Housing Reform and the Moralities of Private Space,” in Translations from Drawing to Building (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997), 95.
Hector Gavin, Sanitary Ramblings (London: Frank Cass and Co., 1971 (1848)), 68.
Evans, “Rookeries and Model Dwellings,” 94.
James Grant, The Great Metropolis (New York: Saunders and Otley, 1837), 313–14; 293. Grant pluralized “working class” because he thought that “about twenty classes would comprise the leading and prominent portions of the poorer orders”; these included “the pauper,” “the lodging-house class,” “the foreigner,” “the Jew,” and “the skilled artisan,” among others. See The Great Metropolis, iv.
Reverend John Garwood, The Million-Peopled City; or One Half of the People of London Made Known to the Other Half (London: Wertheim and Macintosh, 1853), 314.
Taylor, Notes of a Tour, 11–14.
Peter Gaskell, Artisans and Machinery: The Moral and Physical Condition of the Manufacturing Population Considered with Reference to Mechanical Substitutes for Human Labour (London: J. W. Parker, 1836), 83, 2.
James P. Kay-Shuttleworth, The Moral and Physical Condition of the Working Classes Employed in the Cotton Manufacture in Manchester (London: James Ridgway, 1832), 47.
Steven Marcus, Engels, Manchester, and the Working Class (New York: Random House, 1974), 55. Posing “bad housing” as “the result of bad living” on the part of the poor continued, of course, through the twentieth century and into the present: see, for example, Ernest Ritson Dewsnup, The Housing Problem in England: Its Statistics, Legislation, and Policy (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1907), 18.
Taylor, Notes of a Tour, 262.
Edwin Chadwick, Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, ed. M. W. Flinn (Edinburgh, 1965 (1842)), 79.
Charles Booth, The Life and Labour of the People in London, vol. 3 (London: Macmillan1903), 120. “Because 19th c. improvement schemes were chiefly demolition schemes they invariably increased overcrowding”: see Enid Gauldie, Cruel Habitations: A History of Working-Class Housing, 1780–1918 (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1974), 85.
S. C. Paul, “Evictions in London,” MacMillan’s Magazine,October 1882, 498. See also William Torrens, “What is to be Done with the Slums?” MacMillan’s Magazine, April 1879. On housing demolition and construction in Victorian England, see Robert F. Haggard, The Persistence of Victorian Liberalism: The Politics of Social Reform in Britain, 1870–1900 (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001), 156.
James Hole, The Homes of the Working Classes, with Suggestions for their Improvement (London: Longmans and Green, 1866), 42.
Charles M. Allen, “The Genesis of British Urban Redevelopment,” Economic History Review 18:3 (1965): 612.
Arthur Wesley Compton, The Housing Question (London: Land Agents Record, 1901), 3.
Frederick Engels, The Housing Question (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1942 (1872)), 18.
Dewsnup, The Housing Problem in England, i–ii.
As described by Agier, “If the 20th century in Europe was the ‘century of camps,’ what is happening on the world scale today is the extension and greater sophistication of various forms of camps that make up a mechanism for keeping away undesirables and foreigners of all kinds—refugees, displaced, ‘rejected’”: see Michel Agier, Managing the Undesirables: Refugee Camps and Humanitarian Government, trans. David Fernbach (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 2011), 3–4.
See, for example, Fred Cuny, Disasters and Development (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
United Nations, “Secretary-General Proposes Global Compact on Human Rights, Labour, Environment, Address to World Economic Forum in Davos,” press release SG/SM/688, 1999 →
See Stacey White, Corporate Engagement in Natural Disaster Response: Piecing Together the Value Chain (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2012).
Steven A. Zyck and Justin Armstrong, Humanitarian Crises, Emergency Preparedness and Response: The Role of Business and the Private Sector (London: Overseas Development Institute, 2014), 5.
See Slavoj Žižek, Violence: Six Sideways Reflections (New York: Picador, 2008).
REACH, Housing and Tensions in Jordanian Communities Hosting Syrian Refugees, June 2014 →