Ivan Illich, Deschooling Society (London: Marion Boyars Publishers Ltd, 1995), 32.
Ibid., 72.
Ibid., 80.
Ibid., 64.
George H Wood, “The Theoretical and Political Limitations of Deschooling,” The Journal of Education 164, no. 4 (1982): 370.
Gaylord Nelson, “The Gaylord Nelson Newsletter.” Gaylord Nelson Papers, November 1969.
Adam Rome, “The Genius of Earth Day,” Environmental History 15, no. 2 (2010): 194.
Colin Ward and Anthony Fyson, Streetwork: The Exploding School. Routledge & K. Paul, 1973: 7.
Colin Ward, “Art and the Built Environment,” Journal of Geography in Higher Education 1, no. 2 (1977): 89.
T. Harris, M. O’Brien Castro, Monia O’Brien Castro, Preserving the Sixties: Britain and the “Decade of Protest” (Springer, 2014), 4.
Roy Porter, London: A Social History (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1994).
Ellis Wasson, A History of Modern Britain: 1714 to the Present, 1st edition (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), 298.
Anne Power and Katherine Mumford, The Slow Death of Great Cities? Urban Abandonment or Urban Renaissance (York: YPS for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 1999), 70.
A third of the housing provision of the country—four million houses—were damaged by bombing. Wasson, A History of Modern Britain, 305.
Becky Tunstall and Stuart Geoffrey Lowe, “’Breaking up Communities’? The Social Impact of Housing Demolition in the Late Twentieth Century: Record of a Study and Information Sharing Day, 2 November 2012, York,” (York, UK: Centre for Housing Policy, 2012).
Power and Mumford, The Slow Death of Great Cities, 69.
Covent Garden Community Association and Coin Street Action Group are two well-known examples during the 1970s. Coin Street Public Inquiry was called “one of the longest, costliest, most important and most confused planning inquiries ever held in Britain.” Iain Tuckett, “Coin Street - There Is Another Way,” Community Development Journal 23, no. 4 (1988): 249–257.
Joan Kean, “Environmental Education for Community Action,” Children’s Environments Quarterly 6, no. 2/3 (1989): 60.
Lucy E. Hewitt, A Brief History of the Civic Society Movement (Civic Voice, 2014), 31, ➝.
Dennis Hardy, From New Towns to Green Politics: Campaigning for Town and Country Planning, 1946-1990 (Taylor & Francis, 1991), 120.
Joan, “Environmental Education for Community Action”: 60.
Hardy, From New Towns to Green Politics, 121.
Hugh R. Jones, “The Russell Report on Adult Education in England and Wales in the Context of Continuing Education.” Paedagogica Europaea 9, no. 2 (1974): 65–75.
The TCPA was initially set up in the 1890s to lobby for the implementation of garden cities in Great Britain. Later, in the post-war period, it became associated with a broader framework of town and regional planning. “Our History,” Town and Country Planning Association, ➝. See also Donald L. Foley, “Idea and Influence: The Town and Country Planning Association,” Journal of the American Institute of Planners 28, no. 1 (February 1962): 10–17.
Howard’s vision connected social reform with the environment, which permeated the activities of the association in the years to come. If town planning as a professional activity was located in the Royal Town Planning Institute, as a social movement, it was based at the TCPA. Foley, “Idea and Influence”: 10–17.
“Our History,” Town and Country Planning Association, ➝.
Catherine Burke and Ken Jones, eds., Education, Childhood and Anarchism: Talking Colin Ward (London and New York: Routledge, 2014), xviii.
Ibid., xxiv.
Interview with Anthony Fyson by Sol Perez Martinez, August 21, 2016.
Eileen Adams, Eileen Adams: Agent of Change: In Art, Design and Environmental Education (Loughborough Design Press Ltd, 2016), 29.
Council for Urban Studies Centres. Urban Studies in the 80’ : The Council for Urban Studies Centres’ 3rd Report (London, 1981).
Colin Ward and Anthony Fyson, “To the Reader. Explaining the BEE,” Bulletin of Environmental Education 1 (May 1971): 1.
Interview with Joan Kean by Sol Perez Martinez, November 25, 2016. BEE was first edited by Colin Ward from 1971 to 1979 at the TCPA, followed by Anthony Fyson from 1979 to 1980. Anne Armstrong, Graham Russell, and Liz Hirst took over until the mid-1980s and the publication closed in 1988, while Paul Rasmussen was the editor.
Brian Goodey, “Urban Studies in Search of a Future,” Bulletin of Environmental Education 61 (May 1976): 9.
However, Hart also criticized its bias towards the urban environment, claiming that the discipline was lacking a publication or center that balanced the natural and human-made in environmental education. Roger A. Hart, Children's Participation: The Theory and Practice of Involving Young Citizens in Community Development and Environmental Care (Routledge, 1997), 79.
Catherine Burke, “’Fleeting Pockets of Anarchy’: Streetwork. The Exploding School,” Paedagogica Historica 50, no. 4 (July 2014): 433–442.
Including “Geography for the Young School Leaver,” “Art and the Built Environment,” and “Learning through Landscapes.”
Interview with Chriss Web by Sol Perez Martinez, August 26, 2016.
Illich, Deschooling Society, 64.
Anthony Fyson, “Education and Participation” in City Landscape: A Contribution to the Council of Europe’s European Campaign for Urban Renaissance (Elsevier, 1983), 155.
Skeffington Committee. People and Planning: Report of the Committee on Public Participation in Planning, HMSO, 1969.
Interview with Anthony Fyson by Sol Perez Martinez, August 21, 2016.
Ward and Fyson, Streetwork, 77–78.
Tony Champion and Peter Congdon, “An Analysis of the Recovery of London’s Population Change Rate,” Built Environment 13, no. 4 (1987): 193.
“Urban Studies Centres – Educational Focus for European Architectural Heritage Year 1975,” Bulletin of Environmental Education, 34 (February 1973): 9.
Ibid., 10.
Ibid.
A contemporary voluntary organization with similar aims that took the opposite approach to the USCs was Inter-Action directed by Ed Berman. He fundraised to create the first purpose-built arts community center in Britain designed by Cedric Price. A year before it was finished, Berman said in a RIBA conference that he regretted his decision and he recommended using abandoned properties. “Art without Architecture,” Architect’s Journal, April 21, 1976, 771. See also “Urban Studies Centres,” Bulletin of Environmental Education: 10.
Colin Ward, “The Outlook Tower, Edinburgh: Prototype for an Urban Studies Centre,” Bulletin of Environmental Education, December 23, 1973.
Geddes, as well as Peter Kropotkin, were regular references for Ward’s work. Both men were interdisciplinary thinkers with an anarchist outlook. Colin Ward, Influences: Voices of Creative Dissent: Quiet Voices of Dissent, 1st edition (Green Books, 1991).
Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics (London: Williams, 1915), 287.
Keith Wheeler, in Dennis Hardy, From New Towns to Green Politics: Campaigning for Town and Country Planning, 1946-1990 (Taylor & Francis, 1991), 129.
Ward and Fyson, Streetwork, 72.
Ward and Fyson, Streetwork, 5.
J.M. Higson, “Introducing CUSC – the Council for Urban Studies Centres,” Bulletin of Environmental Education, February 22, 1973.
Ward and Fyson, Streetwork, 10.
Anthony Fyson, “News of CUSC – Council for Urban Studies Centres,” Bulletin of Environmental Education, March 23, 1973.
Anne Armstrong, Graham Russell, and Liz Hirst, Council for Urban Studies Centres. State of the Art Report (Town and Country Planning Association and Streetwork Ltd, 1984).
Hart, Children's Participation, 79.
Jeff Bishop, Eileen Adams, and Jean Kean, “Children, Environment and Education: Personal Views of Urban Environmental Education in Britain,” Children’s Environments 9, no. 1 (1992): 49–67.
Myrna Margulies Breitbart, “Inciting Desire, Ignoring Boundaries and Making Space: Colin Ward’s Considerable Contributions to Radical Pedagogy, Planning and Social Change,” in Education, Childhood and Anarchism: Talking Colin Ward (London, New York: Routledge, 2014).
Colin Ward, The Child In The City (New York: Penguin Harmondsworth, 1979), 199.
Chris Webb, “Politics and Participation in London Planning,” Seminar paper, March 17, 1981.
“Guide to Records. Notting Dale Urban Studies Centre c.1900-2001,” North Kensington Community Archive.
“Notting Hill Urban Study Centre,” The Harrovian, July 5 1975.
Interview with Chris Webb by Sol Perez Martinez, August 26, 2016.
Chris Webb, Notting Dale Urban Studies Centres. Annual Report 1975-1976 (London: Notting Dale Urban Studies Centre, August 1976).
Ibid.
All of these methods were also advocated by Ward in BEE and in his public lectures, one of which Webb attended.
Webb, Notting Dale Urban Studies Centres. Annual Report 1975-1976.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Ibid.
Interview with Chris Webb by Sol Perez Martinez, August 26, 2016.
Interview with Joan Kean by Sol Perez Martinez, November 25, 2016.
Illich, Deschooling Society, 84.
Illich, Deschooling Society, 78–79.
Rosa Bruno‐Jofré and Jon Igelmo Zaldívar, “Ivan Illich’s Late Critique of Deschooling Society: ‘I Was Largely Barking Up the Wrong Tree,’” Educational Theory 62, no. 5 (2012): 577.
Ivan Illich, After Deschooling, What? (London: Pluto Press, 1987), 23.
For example the Urban Rooms Network, Liveworks by Sheffield University, The Civic School by public works and the Mobile Museum by Verity Jane Keefe, among others. In Sol Perez-Martinez, Urban Rooms, Civic Schools and Urban Learning, exhibition brochure, Bartlett School of Architecture, University College London, 2018.
Ward and Fyson, Streetwork, 3.
